Anti-Inflammatory Benefits of Berries
A study following 10,000 Norwegian men for 40 years found that those eating berries more than 14 times a month were more likely to be alive at the end of the study. Higher intake of anthocyanins, the brightly colored pigments in berries, has been associated with anti-inflammatory effects, but these are all just associations. You can’t prove cause and effect, until you put it to the test.
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study found that blueberry smoothies could turn off inflammation genes. This is measuring the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in white blood cells taken from individuals before and after six weeks of drinking placebo smoothies with no blueberries. They got worse over time. Six weeks later, more inflammatory chemicals pouring out, whereas the blueberry group started out about the same at week zero, but six weeks of daily blueberries and the expression of inflammatory genes such as IL-6 went down. Strawberries, sweet (bing) cherries, black raspberries, extracts of goji berries, and Indian gooseberries (amla) have also been shown to decrease inflammatory markers in interventional trials.
Have people eat a largely unhealthy breakfast (including a bagel with cream cheese, margarine, egg, and a glass of milk) and the rise in C-reactive protein and IL-6 over the subsequent six hours was less when just 10 grams of strawberry powder (equivalent to five large strawberries) was added to the meal. A cup of blueberries was able to significantly blunt the IL-6 spike after a ham and cheese sandwich and the same with two cups of raspberries versus a sausage and eggs breakfast. The same amount of banana, however, was no match, unable to stop a tripling of IL-6 levels within four hours. Why did the raspberries work, whereas bananas didn’t? Maybe, it’s the antioxidants.
Free radicals can disfigure proteins in our bodies to the extent they become unrecognizable by our immune systems to the point that our body attacks them as foreign. The inflammatory autoimmune response this triggers may be prevented, however, by saturating our bodies with sufficient antioxidants. Food selection based on high total antioxidant capacity improves endothelial function. High-antioxidant fruits and vegetables, such as berries and greens, have been found to douse systemic inflammation significantly better than the same number of servings of more common low-antioxidant fruits and veggies, such as bananas and lettuce.
What about apples? Not only associated with all sorts of benefits in observational studies but proven to improve risk factors in randomized controlled trials, including inflammation, but the data are mixed. Six months of a half cup a day of dried apple rings significantly lowers CRP levels, though the same drop happened in the control group, who instead ate about a half cup of prunes a day. Freeze-dried apple powder flopped completely. Eating three fresh Gala apples, however, appears to lower inflammation both acutely, within six hours, and over time. Six weeks of three Galas a day lowered fasting levels of IL-6, though four weeks of twice as many Shampion variety apples (a cross between Cox and Golden Delicious) didn’t seem to have any effect.
What about grapes for inflammation? Neither raisins nor powdered grapes appeared to help. What about drinking berries? Sipping red wine for 6 to 12 weeks did not affect lower inflammation (compared to gin, water, or abstention), and acutely, two to three glasses of red or white wine can make things worse, increasing IL-6 levels by about 50 percent within six hours compared to a nonalcoholic beverage. However, red or purple grape juice may help.
Antioxidant supplements failed miserably. No anti-inflammatory benefit was found for antioxidant vitamins and minerals like vitamins C, E, beta carotene, or selenium, which brings us back to the bright red, blue, purple anthocyanin plant pigments. Dozens of randomized controlled trials on anthocyanin-rich supplements (mostly berry extracts) have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects. This may be why red-fleshed plums beat out yellow fleshed apricots in reducing CRP blood levels. Or, why even super healthy fruits like mangoes may be powerless against the inflammation caused by a Sausage and Egg McMuffin, whereas a half dozen studies combined show pomegranates, a fruit packed with ruby red anthocyanins, can bring down inflammation over time.
The anti-inflammatory effects of berries are so potent you can feel it if you push yourself. Check out my video Reducing Muscle Soreness with Berries. As I note in Watermelon for Sore Muscle Relief, eating two cups of watermelon prior to intense physical activity was also found to significantly reduce muscle soreness. The researchers concluded that functional compounds in fruits and vegetables can “play a key role in the design of new natural and functional products,” but why design new products when nature has already designed everything you need? Unfortunately, chronic watermelon consumption (giving people a whole watermelon and a gallon bag of precut watermelon every week for 12 weeks) did not seem to affect levels of inflammation.
Optimizing recovery from exercise is considered the holy grail of exercise science, but what about discernable effects on inflammatory conditions such as arthritis? Tart cherries may be helpful in treating gout. Delicious dietary treatments are much welcomed, as some gout drugs can cost $2,000 a dose, carry no clear-cut distinction between nontoxic, toxic, and lethal doses, or can cause a rare side effect in which your skin detaches from your body. Of course, the best way to deal with gout is to try to prevent attacks in the first place with a more plant-based diet and lower alcohol consumption.
Strawberries were pitted against the most common inflammatory joint disorder, osteoarthritis of the knee. Osteoarthritis patients randomized to get about a pint and a half of strawberries a day for 12 weeks, and not only did inflammatory markers plummet, they experienced significant reductions in constant pain, intermittent pain, and total pain. The first clinical study of the effects of berries on human arthritis found that a simple dietary intervention could have a significant impact on pain, inflammation, and overall quality of life. Surprisingly, blueberries didn’t seem to have the same effect. Despite the spin in the title, twelve weeks of about four servings of blueberries a day had no significant benefit compared to placebo. They used conventional (highbush) blueberries, though, which tend to have less antioxidant power than strawberries and significantly less antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity compared to wild (or lowbush) blueberries.
A study following 10,000 Norwegian men for 40 years found that those eating berries more than 14 times a month were more likely to be alive at the end of the study. Higher intake of anthocyanins, the brightly colored pigments in berries, has been associated with anti-inflammatory effects, but these are all just associations. You can’t prove cause and effect, until you put it to the test.
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study found that blueberry smoothies could turn off inflammation genes. This is measuring the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in white blood cells taken from individuals before and after six weeks of drinking placebo smoothies with no blueberries. They got worse over time. Six weeks later, more inflammatory chemicals pouring out, whereas the blueberry group started out about the same at week zero, but six weeks of daily blueberries and the expression of inflammatory genes such as IL-6 went down. Strawberries, sweet (bing) cherries, black raspberries, extracts of goji berries, and Indian gooseberries (amla) have also been shown to decrease inflammatory markers in interventional trials.
Have people eat a largely unhealthy breakfast (including a bagel with cream cheese, margarine, egg, and a glass of milk) and the rise in C-reactive protein and IL-6 over the subsequent six hours was less when just 10 grams of strawberry powder (equivalent to five large strawberries) was added to the meal. A cup of blueberries was able to significantly blunt the IL-6 spike after a ham and cheese sandwich and the same with two cups of raspberries versus a sausage and eggs breakfast. The same amount of banana, however, was no match, unable to stop a tripling of IL-6 levels within four hours. Why did the raspberries work, whereas bananas didn’t? Maybe, it’s the antioxidants.
Free radicals can disfigure proteins in our bodies to the extent they become unrecognizable by our immune systems to the point that our body attacks them as foreign. The inflammatory autoimmune response this triggers may be prevented, however, by saturating our bodies with sufficient antioxidants. Food selection based on high total antioxidant capacity improves endothelial function. High-antioxidant fruits and vegetables, such as berries and greens, have been found to douse systemic inflammation significantly better than the same number of servings of more common low-antioxidant fruits and veggies, such as bananas and lettuce.
What about apples? Not only associated with all sorts of benefits in observational studies but proven to improve risk factors in randomized controlled trials, including inflammation, but the data are mixed. Six months of a half cup a day of dried apple rings significantly lowers CRP levels, though the same drop happened in the control group, who instead ate about a half cup of prunes a day. Freeze-dried apple powder flopped completely. Eating three fresh Gala apples, however, appears to lower inflammation both acutely, within six hours, and over time. Six weeks of three Galas a day lowered fasting levels of IL-6, though four weeks of twice as many Shampion variety apples (a cross between Cox and Golden Delicious) didn’t seem to have any effect.
What about grapes for inflammation? Neither raisins nor powdered grapes appeared to help. What about drinking berries? Sipping red wine for 6 to 12 weeks did not affect lower inflammation (compared to gin, water, or abstention), and acutely, two to three glasses of red or white wine can make things worse, increasing IL-6 levels by about 50 percent within six hours compared to a nonalcoholic beverage. However, red or purple grape juice may help.
Antioxidant supplements failed miserably. No anti-inflammatory benefit was found for antioxidant vitamins and minerals like vitamins C, E, beta carotene, or selenium, which brings us back to the bright red, blue, purple anthocyanin plant pigments. Dozens of randomized controlled trials on anthocyanin-rich supplements (mostly berry extracts) have demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects. This may be why red-fleshed plums beat out yellow fleshed apricots in reducing CRP blood levels. Or, why even super healthy fruits like mangoes may be powerless against the inflammation caused by a Sausage and Egg McMuffin, whereas a half dozen studies combined show pomegranates, a fruit packed with ruby red anthocyanins, can bring down inflammation over time.
The anti-inflammatory effects of berries are so potent you can feel it if you push yourself. Check out my video Reducing Muscle Soreness with Berries. As I note in Watermelon for Sore Muscle Relief, eating two cups of watermelon prior to intense physical activity was also found to significantly reduce muscle soreness. The researchers concluded that functional compounds in fruits and vegetables can “play a key role in the design of new natural and functional products,” but why design new products when nature has already designed everything you need? Unfortunately, chronic watermelon consumption (giving people a whole watermelon and a gallon bag of precut watermelon every week for 12 weeks) did not seem to affect levels of inflammation.
Optimizing recovery from exercise is considered the holy grail of exercise science, but what about discernable effects on inflammatory conditions such as arthritis? Tart cherries may be helpful in treating gout. Delicious dietary treatments are much welcomed, as some gout drugs can cost $2,000 a dose, carry no clear-cut distinction between nontoxic, toxic, and lethal doses, or can cause a rare side effect in which your skin detaches from your body. Of course, the best way to deal with gout is to try to prevent attacks in the first place with a more plant-based diet and lower alcohol consumption.
Strawberries were pitted against the most common inflammatory joint disorder, osteoarthritis of the knee. Osteoarthritis patients randomized to get about a pint and a half of strawberries a day for 12 weeks, and not only did inflammatory markers plummet, they experienced significant reductions in constant pain, intermittent pain, and total pain. The first clinical study of the effects of berries on human arthritis found that a simple dietary intervention could have a significant impact on pain, inflammation, and overall quality of life. Surprisingly, blueberries didn’t seem to have the same effect. Despite the spin in the title, twelve weeks of about four servings of blueberries a day had no significant benefit compared to placebo. They used conventional (highbush) blueberries, though, which tend to have less antioxidant power than strawberries and significantly less antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity compared to wild (or lowbush) blueberries.
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