Most bad breath is due to the decay of sulfur-containing proteins.
Foods That Cause and Help Halitosis (Bad Breath)
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Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
It has been estimated that 90 million Americans, or approximately 30 percent of the U.S. population, currently suffer from bad breath on a regular basis. And for those of you thinking “Phew, I’m glad I’m not one of those,” it is believed that people with bad breath can’t actually smell the odor coming out of their own mouth. Maybe this is because they’re just used to it. Or it’s because when you sniff, you’re breathing air from below, rather than in front where you’re exhaling. Either way, the mouth air of chronic malodor sufferers is tainted with compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, which produce a stream of foul air that can be gravely offensive to the people in their vicinity.
The characteristic smells in halitosis include compounds that smell like feces, like scatole, the rotten egg gas hydrogen sulfide, a corpse-like aroma from cadaverine, a sweaty feet compound, putrescine for the smell of decaying meat, rotten cabbage, rotten fish, pee; apples don’t sound so bad, and I don’t even know what squashed bedbugs smell like. But, the major compounds that contribute to oral malodor are the VSCs, the volatile sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide. Bacteria in our mouth, predominantly on our tongue, have the capacity to produce these odorous sulfur compounds through putrefaction of sulfur-containing proteins.
Okay, so what can we do about it? Many have concentrated on trying to reduce the bacterial load in the mouth with antiseptic mouthwashes, or finding ways to trap the VSCs. Mechanically, you can disrupt the biofilm of bacteria on the tongue, like with various tongue-scraping techniques, though tongue cleaning seems to work more through reducing the substrates for putrefaction, rather than the bacteria themselves. Okay, but if the substrates for VSC production are the sulfur-containing amino-acids, and the sulfur-containing amino acids are derived mainly from animal protein, meat and dairy, what about using a dietary approach? The VSCs from animal protein may actually explain why carnivore poop smells so much different than herbivore poop.
And indeed, limiting the amount of consumed proteins may significantly reduce fetor ex ore, from the Latin meaning stench mouth. The reason they add fats and alcohol is that they can both cause relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter. Normally, the only time you exhale odors from your stomach is when you burp, because the sphincter at the top of the stomach prevents stuff from backing up, but alcohol or a fat-rich diet increases the relaxation of that sphincter, which further increases the risk and severity of bad breath.
But most cases of halitosis occur due to the decay of food residues in the mouth by the bacteria that decompose proteins and amino acids, and produce the volatile sulfur compounds. So, the treatment of oral halitosis should involve not just professional advice on oral hygiene, but also diet. Dairy proteins, for example, are known to break down in the mouth, leading to the release of amino acids that are rich in sulfur. Dairy products are rich sources of the milk protein casein, and casein is rich in the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine, which is a precursor to the formation of the rotten egg gas hydrogen sulfide in the oral cavity. In fact, that’s how you can test people for bad breath. Cysteine challenge testing: just have people swish their mouth with it.
When cysteine is degraded, not only do you get the hydrogen sulfide, which comprises a large part of the bad breath bouquet, but you get sulfhydryl anions that favor the growth of the very bacteria within the mouth responsible for the protein putrefaction that’s central to the production of oral malodor in the first place, and to the development of gum disease. So, it’s not just a one-two punch, but a triple threat. Bad breath isn’t just some aesthetic issue; these volatile sulfur compounds can be toxic to the gums, even at extremely low concentrations.
Hydrogen sulfide reacts with collagen and can alter the protein structure, thereby rendering your gums and jaw more susceptible to destruction. Then you can develop these pockets of putrid pus that can lead to more halitosis. The periodontal pockets are the second main source of the volatile sulfur compounds. Even people with mild periodontitis may have twice the risk of reporting bad breath.
Finally, let me touch on the role diet has in so-called extra-oral halitosis, bad breath that doesn’t originate in the mouth. There are lots of drugs that can do it, including dietary supplements like fish oil, but there’s another way people can smell fishy: trimethylamine.
Trimethylaminuria is one the largest causes for undiagnosed body odor. It’s when you can’t sufficiently metabolize a malodorous compound called trimethylamine, which is formed in your gut when you eat lots of choline. The textbook presentation is urine, breath, sweat, and reproductive fluids smelling like rotten or decaying fish, but what many doctors don’t realize is that the fish odor presentation may only occur in like 10 percent of individuals who have this predisposition. Yes, at high concentrations, trimethylamine has a foul, rotten fish odor. But at low concentrations, it can just give you kind of unpleasant garbage-like breath. And because there are many foods that are rich in choline, like the fact that there are eggs found in so many foods, you may not make the connection between your diet and your body odor. But you can always try cutting out foods like egg yolks for a few weeks, and see if you smell any better.
Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.
- Van der Sleen MI, Slot DE, Van Trijffel E, Winkel EG, Van der Weijden GA. Effectiveness of mechanical tongue cleaning on breath odour and tongue coating: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2010;8(4):258-68.
- Zalewska A, Zatoński M, Jabłonka-Strom A, Paradowska A, Kawala B, Litwin A. Halitosis--a common medical and social problem. A review on pathology, diagnosis and treatment. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2012;75(3):300-9.
- Cortelli JR, Barbosa MDS, Westphal MA. Halitosis: a review of associated factors and therapeutic approach. Braz Oral Res. 2008;22 Suppl 1:44-54.
- Suzuki N, Yoneda M, Takeshita T, Hirofuji T, Hanioka T. Induction and inhibition of oral malodor. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2019;34(3):85-96.
- Chérel F, Mobilia A, Lundgren T, et al. Rate of reformation of tongue coatings in young adults. Int J Dent Hyg. 2008;6(4):371-5.
- Ogawa M, Takahara A, Ishijima M, Tazaki S. Decrease of plasma sulfur amino acids in essential hypertension. Jpn Circ J. 1985;49(12):1217-24.
- Geypens B, Claus D, Evenepoel P, et al. Influence of dietary protein supplements on the formation of bacterial metabolites in the colon. Gut. 1997;41(1):70-6.
- Pedrazzi V, Sato S, de Mattos M da GC, Lara EHG, Panzeri H. Tongue-cleaning methods: a comparative clinical trial employing a toothbrush and a tongue scraper. J Periodontol. 2004;75(7):1009-12.
- Shon HS, Kim KO, Jung JK, Cha EJ, Lee SO, Kim KA. Intra-oral factors influencing halitosis in young women. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2018;9(6):340-7.
- Lee PPC, Mak WY, Newsome P. The aetiology and treatment of oral halitosis: an update. Hong Kong Med J. 2004;10(6):414-8.
- Seerangaiyan K, Jüch F, Winkel EG. Tongue coating: its characteristics and role in intra-oral halitosis and general health-a review. J Breath Res. 2018;12(3):034001.
- Kleinberg I, Codipilly DM. Cysteine challenge testing: a powerful tool for examining oral malodour processes and treatments in vivo. Int Dent J. 2002;52 Suppl 3:221-8.
- Kleinberg I, Codipilly D. H(2)S generation and E(H) reduction in cysteine challenge testing as a means of determining the potential of test products and treatments for inhibiting oral malodor. J Breath Res. 2008;2(1):017018.
- Singh VP, Malhotra N, Apratim A, Verma M. Assessment and management of halitosis. Dent Update. 2015;42(4):346-8, 351-3.
- De Geest S, Laleman I, Teughels W, Dekeyser C, Quirynen M. Periodontal diseases as a source of halitosis: a review of the evidence and treatment approaches for dentists and dental hygienists. Periodontol 2000. 2016;71(1):213-27.
- Silva MF, Nascimento GG, Leite FRM, Horta BL, Demarco FF. Periodontitis and self-reported halitosis among young adults from the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort. Oral Dis. 2020;26(4):843-6.
- Mortazavi H, Rahbani Nobar B, Shafiei S. Drug-related halitosis: a systematic review. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2020;18(1):399-407.
- Whittle CL, Fakharzadeh S, Eades J, Preti G. Human breath odors and their use in diagnosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1098:252-66.
- Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Primary trimethylaminuria. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al., eds. GeneReviews®. University of Washington, Seattle; 1993.
Motion graphics by Avo Media
Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
It has been estimated that 90 million Americans, or approximately 30 percent of the U.S. population, currently suffer from bad breath on a regular basis. And for those of you thinking “Phew, I’m glad I’m not one of those,” it is believed that people with bad breath can’t actually smell the odor coming out of their own mouth. Maybe this is because they’re just used to it. Or it’s because when you sniff, you’re breathing air from below, rather than in front where you’re exhaling. Either way, the mouth air of chronic malodor sufferers is tainted with compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, which produce a stream of foul air that can be gravely offensive to the people in their vicinity.
The characteristic smells in halitosis include compounds that smell like feces, like scatole, the rotten egg gas hydrogen sulfide, a corpse-like aroma from cadaverine, a sweaty feet compound, putrescine for the smell of decaying meat, rotten cabbage, rotten fish, pee; apples don’t sound so bad, and I don’t even know what squashed bedbugs smell like. But, the major compounds that contribute to oral malodor are the VSCs, the volatile sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide. Bacteria in our mouth, predominantly on our tongue, have the capacity to produce these odorous sulfur compounds through putrefaction of sulfur-containing proteins.
Okay, so what can we do about it? Many have concentrated on trying to reduce the bacterial load in the mouth with antiseptic mouthwashes, or finding ways to trap the VSCs. Mechanically, you can disrupt the biofilm of bacteria on the tongue, like with various tongue-scraping techniques, though tongue cleaning seems to work more through reducing the substrates for putrefaction, rather than the bacteria themselves. Okay, but if the substrates for VSC production are the sulfur-containing amino-acids, and the sulfur-containing amino acids are derived mainly from animal protein, meat and dairy, what about using a dietary approach? The VSCs from animal protein may actually explain why carnivore poop smells so much different than herbivore poop.
And indeed, limiting the amount of consumed proteins may significantly reduce fetor ex ore, from the Latin meaning stench mouth. The reason they add fats and alcohol is that they can both cause relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter. Normally, the only time you exhale odors from your stomach is when you burp, because the sphincter at the top of the stomach prevents stuff from backing up, but alcohol or a fat-rich diet increases the relaxation of that sphincter, which further increases the risk and severity of bad breath.
But most cases of halitosis occur due to the decay of food residues in the mouth by the bacteria that decompose proteins and amino acids, and produce the volatile sulfur compounds. So, the treatment of oral halitosis should involve not just professional advice on oral hygiene, but also diet. Dairy proteins, for example, are known to break down in the mouth, leading to the release of amino acids that are rich in sulfur. Dairy products are rich sources of the milk protein casein, and casein is rich in the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine, which is a precursor to the formation of the rotten egg gas hydrogen sulfide in the oral cavity. In fact, that’s how you can test people for bad breath. Cysteine challenge testing: just have people swish their mouth with it.
When cysteine is degraded, not only do you get the hydrogen sulfide, which comprises a large part of the bad breath bouquet, but you get sulfhydryl anions that favor the growth of the very bacteria within the mouth responsible for the protein putrefaction that’s central to the production of oral malodor in the first place, and to the development of gum disease. So, it’s not just a one-two punch, but a triple threat. Bad breath isn’t just some aesthetic issue; these volatile sulfur compounds can be toxic to the gums, even at extremely low concentrations.
Hydrogen sulfide reacts with collagen and can alter the protein structure, thereby rendering your gums and jaw more susceptible to destruction. Then you can develop these pockets of putrid pus that can lead to more halitosis. The periodontal pockets are the second main source of the volatile sulfur compounds. Even people with mild periodontitis may have twice the risk of reporting bad breath.
Finally, let me touch on the role diet has in so-called extra-oral halitosis, bad breath that doesn’t originate in the mouth. There are lots of drugs that can do it, including dietary supplements like fish oil, but there’s another way people can smell fishy: trimethylamine.
Trimethylaminuria is one the largest causes for undiagnosed body odor. It’s when you can’t sufficiently metabolize a malodorous compound called trimethylamine, which is formed in your gut when you eat lots of choline. The textbook presentation is urine, breath, sweat, and reproductive fluids smelling like rotten or decaying fish, but what many doctors don’t realize is that the fish odor presentation may only occur in like 10 percent of individuals who have this predisposition. Yes, at high concentrations, trimethylamine has a foul, rotten fish odor. But at low concentrations, it can just give you kind of unpleasant garbage-like breath. And because there are many foods that are rich in choline, like the fact that there are eggs found in so many foods, you may not make the connection between your diet and your body odor. But you can always try cutting out foods like egg yolks for a few weeks, and see if you smell any better.
Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.
- Van der Sleen MI, Slot DE, Van Trijffel E, Winkel EG, Van der Weijden GA. Effectiveness of mechanical tongue cleaning on breath odour and tongue coating: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2010;8(4):258-68.
- Zalewska A, Zatoński M, Jabłonka-Strom A, Paradowska A, Kawala B, Litwin A. Halitosis--a common medical and social problem. A review on pathology, diagnosis and treatment. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2012;75(3):300-9.
- Cortelli JR, Barbosa MDS, Westphal MA. Halitosis: a review of associated factors and therapeutic approach. Braz Oral Res. 2008;22 Suppl 1:44-54.
- Suzuki N, Yoneda M, Takeshita T, Hirofuji T, Hanioka T. Induction and inhibition of oral malodor. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2019;34(3):85-96.
- Chérel F, Mobilia A, Lundgren T, et al. Rate of reformation of tongue coatings in young adults. Int J Dent Hyg. 2008;6(4):371-5.
- Ogawa M, Takahara A, Ishijima M, Tazaki S. Decrease of plasma sulfur amino acids in essential hypertension. Jpn Circ J. 1985;49(12):1217-24.
- Geypens B, Claus D, Evenepoel P, et al. Influence of dietary protein supplements on the formation of bacterial metabolites in the colon. Gut. 1997;41(1):70-6.
- Pedrazzi V, Sato S, de Mattos M da GC, Lara EHG, Panzeri H. Tongue-cleaning methods: a comparative clinical trial employing a toothbrush and a tongue scraper. J Periodontol. 2004;75(7):1009-12.
- Shon HS, Kim KO, Jung JK, Cha EJ, Lee SO, Kim KA. Intra-oral factors influencing halitosis in young women. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2018;9(6):340-7.
- Lee PPC, Mak WY, Newsome P. The aetiology and treatment of oral halitosis: an update. Hong Kong Med J. 2004;10(6):414-8.
- Seerangaiyan K, Jüch F, Winkel EG. Tongue coating: its characteristics and role in intra-oral halitosis and general health-a review. J Breath Res. 2018;12(3):034001.
- Kleinberg I, Codipilly DM. Cysteine challenge testing: a powerful tool for examining oral malodour processes and treatments in vivo. Int Dent J. 2002;52 Suppl 3:221-8.
- Kleinberg I, Codipilly D. H(2)S generation and E(H) reduction in cysteine challenge testing as a means of determining the potential of test products and treatments for inhibiting oral malodor. J Breath Res. 2008;2(1):017018.
- Singh VP, Malhotra N, Apratim A, Verma M. Assessment and management of halitosis. Dent Update. 2015;42(4):346-8, 351-3.
- De Geest S, Laleman I, Teughels W, Dekeyser C, Quirynen M. Periodontal diseases as a source of halitosis: a review of the evidence and treatment approaches for dentists and dental hygienists. Periodontol 2000. 2016;71(1):213-27.
- Silva MF, Nascimento GG, Leite FRM, Horta BL, Demarco FF. Periodontitis and self-reported halitosis among young adults from the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort. Oral Dis. 2020;26(4):843-6.
- Mortazavi H, Rahbani Nobar B, Shafiei S. Drug-related halitosis: a systematic review. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2020;18(1):399-407.
- Whittle CL, Fakharzadeh S, Eades J, Preti G. Human breath odors and their use in diagnosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1098:252-66.
- Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Primary trimethylaminuria. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al., eds. GeneReviews®. University of Washington, Seattle; 1993.
Motion graphics by Avo Media
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Title
Foods That Cause and Help Halitosis (Bad Breath)
LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Content URLDoctor's Note
This is the second of two videos on halitosis. If you missed the first one, see How to Naturally Treat Tongue Coating-Associated Halitosis (Bad Breath).
For more on eating egg yolks and smelling like rotting fish, check out Eggs and Choline: Something Fishy.
You might also be interested in Tongue Scraping vs. Tongue Brushing for Treating Halitosis (Bad Breath) and The Benefits of Chewing Gum for Halitosis.
Can Stress Cause Halitosis? Watch the video to find out.
Check out my newer videos on this topic: How to Get Rid of Garlic Breath and Green Tea as a Mouthwash for Halitosis (Bad Breath)
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