Do pet parents (or pawrents) live longer?
Who Is Rescuing Whom? Pets and Life Extension
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Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
Intense social connectivity is a Blue Zone attribute scrutinized for its potential role in supporting longevity. Does slobbery social contact count? More than two-thirds of U.S. households include a pet (including mine!). In an “awwww”-inspiring paper published in the prestigious journal Science entitled “Oxytocin-Gaze Positive Loop and the Coevolution of Human-Dog Bonds,” researchers found that petting or looking into the eyes of a canine companion leads to oxytocin release in the brains of both the humans and the dogs––the same “love hormone” that bonds breastfeeding mothers to their infants.
I was reading about the potential mechanisms by which having an animal companion might improve survival after a heart attack when I ran across a passage about a “profound” cardiovascular response when petting dogs or horses. “This response usually takes the form of a significant reduction in the heart rate and blood pressure.” I could totally see that. But then, the next sentence made me do a double take: “Unfortunately, we have no information about the physiological responses of the person doing the petting.” Oh, so they were talking about the heart rate and blood pressure of the animals!
To my surprise, studies of the effects of companion animals on human health have, as one review put it, produced a “mishmash of conflicting results.” But a meta-analysis of studies involving more than three million people followed for an average of a decade found that canine companionship, for example, was associated with a 24 percent reduction in the risk of premature death. The authors suggested that enhanced survival may be a result of increased physical activity from walking the dog. That could also help explain why pet ownership has been associated with a lower risk of frailty. Of course, this too could be reverse causation, where people who are already active are more likely to get a dog in the first place, but the greater issue may be confounding factors.
Pet owners tend to be younger, wealthier, more educated, and more married. Sadly, when these types of elements are taken into account, the significant mortality risk reduction disappears. The same appears to be true for pet ownership in general. The higher survival rate becomes statistically insignificant once confounding factors, like socioeconomic factors, are taken into account.
When it comes specifically to cats, confounding can work in the opposite direction. Given evidence that social support may help with survival after a heart attack, a number of studies have been undertaken to see if pet ownership can help. One study found that cat owners had a significantly greater risk of death. This may be because they appear to not only be more likely to be sedentary than people with dogs, who may be going on more walks, but cat owners may also be more sedentary than people without any pets at all.
Given the pitfalls of trying to impute cause-and-effect from observational studies, I was so excited to see a randomized controlled trial that actually put pet ownership to the test. Don’t get your hopes up too much, though. The title was “Effect of Pet Insects on the Psychological Health of Community-Dwelling Elderly People: A Single-Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Trial.” The “pets” were crickets. But compared to the control group, older individuals (average age 72) randomized to take care of crickets experienced a significantly greater improvement in depression, cognitive status, and mental quality of life. So, maybe there’s hope for Fido yet.
Most studies on pets and human health are snapshot-in-time studies where it’s impossible to know which came first, but longitudinal studies over time have shown that dog walkers are indeed more likely to achieve recommended activity levels. Sadly, only a minority—only about a third—of older dog owners were found to even walk their dogs three times a week. To maximize the benefits for pooch and person alike, here’s wise advice from a medical journal article published in 1925: “The best prescription to be written for a walk is to take a dog….”
Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.
- Hitchcott PK, Fastame MC, Penna MP. More to Blue Zones than long life: positive psychological characteristics. Health Risk Soc. 2018;20(3-4):163-181.
- Kramer CK, Mehmood S, Suen RS. Dog ownership and survival: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2019;12(10):e005554.
- Nagasawa M, Mitsui S, En S, et al. Social evolution. Oxytocin-gaze positive loop and the coevolution of human-dog bonds. Science. 2015;348(6232):333-336.
- Friedmann E, Katcher AH, Lynch JJ, Thomas SA. Animal companions and one-year survival of patients after discharge from a coronary care unit. Public Health Rep. 1980;95(4):307-312.
- Herzog H. The impact of pets on human health and psychological well-being: fact, fiction, or hypothesis? Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2011;20(4):236-239.
- Kojima G, Aoyama R, Taniguchi Y. Associations between pet ownership and frailty: a systematic review. Geriatrics (Basel). 2020;5(4):89.
- Kazi DS. Who is rescuing whom? : dog ownership and cardiovascular health. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2019;12(10):e005887.
- Bauman A, Owen KB, Torske MO, Ding D, Krokstad S, Stamatakis E. Does dog ownership really prolong survival? : a revised meta-analysis and reappraisal of the evidence. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2020;13(10):e006907.
- El-Qushayri AE, Kamel AMA, Faraj HA, et al. Association between pet ownership and cardiovascular risks and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2020;21(5):359-367.
- Friedmann E, Thomas SA, Son H. Pets, depression and long term survival in community living patients following myocardial infarction. Anthrozoos. 2011;24(3):273-285.
- Friedmann E, Thomas SA. Pet ownership, social support, and one-year survival after acute myocardial infarction in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST). Am J Cardiol. 1995;76(17):1213-1217.
- Serpell J. Beneficial effects of pet ownership on some aspects of human health and behaviour. J R Soc Med. 1991;84(12):717-720.
- Ko HJ, Youn CH, Kim SH, Kim SY. Effect of pet insects on the psychological health of community-dwelling elderly people: a single-blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Gerontology. 2016;62(2):200-209.
- Friedmann E, Gee NR. Critical review of research methods used to consider the impact of human-animal interaction on older adults’ health. Gerontologist. 2019;59(5):964-972.
- Thorpe RJ, Simonsick EM, Brach JS, et al. Dog ownership, walking behavior, and maintained mobility in late life. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(9):1419-1424.
- Crampton CW. The prescription of exercise and diet. Med J & Rec. 1925;122:659-662.
Motion graphics by Avo Media
Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
Intense social connectivity is a Blue Zone attribute scrutinized for its potential role in supporting longevity. Does slobbery social contact count? More than two-thirds of U.S. households include a pet (including mine!). In an “awwww”-inspiring paper published in the prestigious journal Science entitled “Oxytocin-Gaze Positive Loop and the Coevolution of Human-Dog Bonds,” researchers found that petting or looking into the eyes of a canine companion leads to oxytocin release in the brains of both the humans and the dogs––the same “love hormone” that bonds breastfeeding mothers to their infants.
I was reading about the potential mechanisms by which having an animal companion might improve survival after a heart attack when I ran across a passage about a “profound” cardiovascular response when petting dogs or horses. “This response usually takes the form of a significant reduction in the heart rate and blood pressure.” I could totally see that. But then, the next sentence made me do a double take: “Unfortunately, we have no information about the physiological responses of the person doing the petting.” Oh, so they were talking about the heart rate and blood pressure of the animals!
To my surprise, studies of the effects of companion animals on human health have, as one review put it, produced a “mishmash of conflicting results.” But a meta-analysis of studies involving more than three million people followed for an average of a decade found that canine companionship, for example, was associated with a 24 percent reduction in the risk of premature death. The authors suggested that enhanced survival may be a result of increased physical activity from walking the dog. That could also help explain why pet ownership has been associated with a lower risk of frailty. Of course, this too could be reverse causation, where people who are already active are more likely to get a dog in the first place, but the greater issue may be confounding factors.
Pet owners tend to be younger, wealthier, more educated, and more married. Sadly, when these types of elements are taken into account, the significant mortality risk reduction disappears. The same appears to be true for pet ownership in general. The higher survival rate becomes statistically insignificant once confounding factors, like socioeconomic factors, are taken into account.
When it comes specifically to cats, confounding can work in the opposite direction. Given evidence that social support may help with survival after a heart attack, a number of studies have been undertaken to see if pet ownership can help. One study found that cat owners had a significantly greater risk of death. This may be because they appear to not only be more likely to be sedentary than people with dogs, who may be going on more walks, but cat owners may also be more sedentary than people without any pets at all.
Given the pitfalls of trying to impute cause-and-effect from observational studies, I was so excited to see a randomized controlled trial that actually put pet ownership to the test. Don’t get your hopes up too much, though. The title was “Effect of Pet Insects on the Psychological Health of Community-Dwelling Elderly People: A Single-Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Trial.” The “pets” were crickets. But compared to the control group, older individuals (average age 72) randomized to take care of crickets experienced a significantly greater improvement in depression, cognitive status, and mental quality of life. So, maybe there’s hope for Fido yet.
Most studies on pets and human health are snapshot-in-time studies where it’s impossible to know which came first, but longitudinal studies over time have shown that dog walkers are indeed more likely to achieve recommended activity levels. Sadly, only a minority—only about a third—of older dog owners were found to even walk their dogs three times a week. To maximize the benefits for pooch and person alike, here’s wise advice from a medical journal article published in 1925: “The best prescription to be written for a walk is to take a dog….”
Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.
- Hitchcott PK, Fastame MC, Penna MP. More to Blue Zones than long life: positive psychological characteristics. Health Risk Soc. 2018;20(3-4):163-181.
- Kramer CK, Mehmood S, Suen RS. Dog ownership and survival: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2019;12(10):e005554.
- Nagasawa M, Mitsui S, En S, et al. Social evolution. Oxytocin-gaze positive loop and the coevolution of human-dog bonds. Science. 2015;348(6232):333-336.
- Friedmann E, Katcher AH, Lynch JJ, Thomas SA. Animal companions and one-year survival of patients after discharge from a coronary care unit. Public Health Rep. 1980;95(4):307-312.
- Herzog H. The impact of pets on human health and psychological well-being: fact, fiction, or hypothesis? Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2011;20(4):236-239.
- Kojima G, Aoyama R, Taniguchi Y. Associations between pet ownership and frailty: a systematic review. Geriatrics (Basel). 2020;5(4):89.
- Kazi DS. Who is rescuing whom? : dog ownership and cardiovascular health. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2019;12(10):e005887.
- Bauman A, Owen KB, Torske MO, Ding D, Krokstad S, Stamatakis E. Does dog ownership really prolong survival? : a revised meta-analysis and reappraisal of the evidence. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2020;13(10):e006907.
- El-Qushayri AE, Kamel AMA, Faraj HA, et al. Association between pet ownership and cardiovascular risks and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2020;21(5):359-367.
- Friedmann E, Thomas SA, Son H. Pets, depression and long term survival in community living patients following myocardial infarction. Anthrozoos. 2011;24(3):273-285.
- Friedmann E, Thomas SA. Pet ownership, social support, and one-year survival after acute myocardial infarction in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST). Am J Cardiol. 1995;76(17):1213-1217.
- Serpell J. Beneficial effects of pet ownership on some aspects of human health and behaviour. J R Soc Med. 1991;84(12):717-720.
- Ko HJ, Youn CH, Kim SH, Kim SY. Effect of pet insects on the psychological health of community-dwelling elderly people: a single-blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Gerontology. 2016;62(2):200-209.
- Friedmann E, Gee NR. Critical review of research methods used to consider the impact of human-animal interaction on older adults’ health. Gerontologist. 2019;59(5):964-972.
- Thorpe RJ, Simonsick EM, Brach JS, et al. Dog ownership, walking behavior, and maintained mobility in late life. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(9):1419-1424.
- Crampton CW. The prescription of exercise and diet. Med J & Rec. 1925;122:659-662.
Motion graphics by Avo Media
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Who Is Rescuing Whom? Pets and Life Extension
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Are Cats or Dogs More Protective for Children’s Health? Check out the video.
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