Ready for the mind-blowing twist in the mystery of why the injection of blood from young animals into old ones has a rejuvenative effect?
Can Getting Transfusions of Young Blood Slow Aging?
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Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
“Vampires 2.0? The ethical quandaries of young blood infusion in the quest for eternal life.” In an episode of the TV series Silicon Valley entitled “The Blood Boy,” a tech guru hires a young assistant from whom to transfuse pints of blood in an attempt to slow down his aging. The restoration of youth by bathing in or drinking the blood of youth is a centuries-old trope dating back at least to the futile attempt of ailing Pope Innocent VIII, who in the 1490s failed to live up to his name by apparently drinking the blood of three ten-year-old boys who—though a bargain “costing only one ducat apiece’’—died in the process.
Might there be something to it, though? Though young blood did not have a significant impact on lifespan otherwise, infusing the blood of young animals into old did have rejuvenating effects on multiple organs, similar to full-blown parabiosis, as I talked about in the last video. In fact, not only does the infusion of young mouse blood improve age-related cognitive dysfunction in old mice, young human blood—taken from umbilical cords—worked too (in mice engineered to not reject the foreign tissue). This led to ongoing clinical trials offering weekly infusions of blood products from young donors to patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. But there may be an easier way.
Yes, the injection of blood from young mice into old can improve memory and learning, suggesting there’s some kind of restorative youth factor. But the injection of blood from old mice into young can worsen memory and learning, suggesting that instead there’s some sort of debilitating aging factor. Or maybe the old blood is just diluting the revitalizing factor in the young mouse. Or, for that matter, maybe the young blood is diluting the debilitating factor in the old mouse. The fact that old blood appears to make things worse more than young blood makes them better suggests maybe the latter is the case. But you don’t know until you put it to the test.
Ready for a mind-blowing shift in perspective? Instead of infusing young blood into old mice, researchers at UC Berkeley just diluted the blood of old mice by siphoning off the plasma (the liquid portion of the blood), and essentially replacing half of it with water. If the regeneration seen in heterochronic parabiosis and blood transfusions was due to some fountain of youth factor in young blood, then nothing should happen, right? But if all the young blood was doing was diluting some debilitating aging factor, then the water should work just as well. And it did. The rejuvenation in the liver was similar to parabiosis or transfusion, and in the muscles and the brain, it was even better. So, most, if not all, the benefits could be replicated by simple dilution, including an improvement in cognitive capacity.
That’s good news, since there’s already an FDA-approved procedure in use today known as therapeutic plasma exchange. It’s usually used to filter out toxins or autoimmune antibodies, but why not try using it to try to dilute old blood to treat Alzheimer’s disease? And that’s exactly what researchers did.
Hundreds of Alzheimer’s patients were randomized to a therapeutic plasma exchange procedure or a placebo (sham) procedure. And though it didn’t seem to help those with mild Alzheimer’s disease, those with moderate Alzheimer’s randomized to the real procedure experienced about 60 percent less cognitive and functional decline over a period of 14 months. This is in stark contrast to mainstay treatments for Alzheimer’s, like the drug memantine, that can help with symptoms but don’t actually alter the course of the disease. And the added advantage over blood transfusions, as a Director of an Institute of Biomedical Ethics put it: “There is something peculiar about the old literally feeding on the young.”
Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.
- Kim TW, Park SS, Park JY, Park HS. Infusion of plasma from exercised mice ameliorates cognitive dysfunction by increasing hippocampal neuroplasticity and mitochondrial functions in 3xtg-ad mice. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(9):3291.
- Ma J, Gao B, Zhang K, et al. Circulating factors in young blood as potential therapeutic agents for age-related neurodegenerative and neurovascular diseases. Brain Res Bull. 2019;153:15-23.
- Lavazza A, Garasic M. Vampires 2.0? The ethical quandaries of young blood infusion in the quest for eternal life. Med Health Care Philos. 2020;23(3):421-432.
- Kang S, Moser VA, Svendsen CN, Goodridge HS. Rejuvenating the blood and bone marrow to slow aging-associated cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease. Commun Biol. 2020;3(1):69.
- Learoyd P. The history of blood transfusion prior to the 20th century--part 1. Transfus Med. 2012;22(5):308-314.
- Shytikov D, Balva O, Debonneuil E, Glukhovskiy P, Pishel I. Aged mice repeatedly injected with plasma from young mice: a survival study. Biores Open Access. 2014;3(5):226-232.
- Biller-Andorno N. Young blood for old hands? A recent anti-ageing trial prompts ethical questions. Swiss Med Wkly. 2016;146:w14359.
- Fernández-Zarzoso M, Gómez-Seguí I, de la Rubia J. Therapeutic plasma exchange: Review of current indications. Transfus Apher Sci. 2019;58(3):247-253.
- Mehdipour M, Mehdipour T, Skinner CM, et al. Plasma dilution improves cognition and attenuates neuroinflammation in old mice. Geroscience. 2021;43(1):1-18.
- Mehdipour M, Skinner C, Wong N, et al. Rejuvenation of three germ layers tissues by exchanging old blood plasma with saline-albumin. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(10):8790-8819.
- Loeffler DA. Ambar, an encouraging alzheimer’s trial that raises questions. Front Neurol. 2020;11:459.
- Rebo J, Mehdipour M, Gathwala R, et al. A single heterochronic blood exchange reveals rapid inhibition of multiple tissues by old blood. Nat Commun. 2016;7:13363.
- Castellano JM, Mosher KI, Abbey RJ, et al. Human umbilical cord plasma proteins revitalize hippocampal function in aged mice. Nature. 2017;544(7651):488-492.
- Boada M, López OL, Olazarán J, et al. A randomized, controlled clinical trial of plasma exchange with albumin replacement for Alzheimer’s disease: Primary results of the AMBAR Study. Alzheimers Dement. 2020;16(10):1412-1425.
Motion graphics by Avo Media
Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
“Vampires 2.0? The ethical quandaries of young blood infusion in the quest for eternal life.” In an episode of the TV series Silicon Valley entitled “The Blood Boy,” a tech guru hires a young assistant from whom to transfuse pints of blood in an attempt to slow down his aging. The restoration of youth by bathing in or drinking the blood of youth is a centuries-old trope dating back at least to the futile attempt of ailing Pope Innocent VIII, who in the 1490s failed to live up to his name by apparently drinking the blood of three ten-year-old boys who—though a bargain “costing only one ducat apiece’’—died in the process.
Might there be something to it, though? Though young blood did not have a significant impact on lifespan otherwise, infusing the blood of young animals into old did have rejuvenating effects on multiple organs, similar to full-blown parabiosis, as I talked about in the last video. In fact, not only does the infusion of young mouse blood improve age-related cognitive dysfunction in old mice, young human blood—taken from umbilical cords—worked too (in mice engineered to not reject the foreign tissue). This led to ongoing clinical trials offering weekly infusions of blood products from young donors to patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. But there may be an easier way.
Yes, the injection of blood from young mice into old can improve memory and learning, suggesting there’s some kind of restorative youth factor. But the injection of blood from old mice into young can worsen memory and learning, suggesting that instead there’s some sort of debilitating aging factor. Or maybe the old blood is just diluting the revitalizing factor in the young mouse. Or, for that matter, maybe the young blood is diluting the debilitating factor in the old mouse. The fact that old blood appears to make things worse more than young blood makes them better suggests maybe the latter is the case. But you don’t know until you put it to the test.
Ready for a mind-blowing shift in perspective? Instead of infusing young blood into old mice, researchers at UC Berkeley just diluted the blood of old mice by siphoning off the plasma (the liquid portion of the blood), and essentially replacing half of it with water. If the regeneration seen in heterochronic parabiosis and blood transfusions was due to some fountain of youth factor in young blood, then nothing should happen, right? But if all the young blood was doing was diluting some debilitating aging factor, then the water should work just as well. And it did. The rejuvenation in the liver was similar to parabiosis or transfusion, and in the muscles and the brain, it was even better. So, most, if not all, the benefits could be replicated by simple dilution, including an improvement in cognitive capacity.
That’s good news, since there’s already an FDA-approved procedure in use today known as therapeutic plasma exchange. It’s usually used to filter out toxins or autoimmune antibodies, but why not try using it to try to dilute old blood to treat Alzheimer’s disease? And that’s exactly what researchers did.
Hundreds of Alzheimer’s patients were randomized to a therapeutic plasma exchange procedure or a placebo (sham) procedure. And though it didn’t seem to help those with mild Alzheimer’s disease, those with moderate Alzheimer’s randomized to the real procedure experienced about 60 percent less cognitive and functional decline over a period of 14 months. This is in stark contrast to mainstay treatments for Alzheimer’s, like the drug memantine, that can help with symptoms but don’t actually alter the course of the disease. And the added advantage over blood transfusions, as a Director of an Institute of Biomedical Ethics put it: “There is something peculiar about the old literally feeding on the young.”
Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.
- Kim TW, Park SS, Park JY, Park HS. Infusion of plasma from exercised mice ameliorates cognitive dysfunction by increasing hippocampal neuroplasticity and mitochondrial functions in 3xtg-ad mice. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(9):3291.
- Ma J, Gao B, Zhang K, et al. Circulating factors in young blood as potential therapeutic agents for age-related neurodegenerative and neurovascular diseases. Brain Res Bull. 2019;153:15-23.
- Lavazza A, Garasic M. Vampires 2.0? The ethical quandaries of young blood infusion in the quest for eternal life. Med Health Care Philos. 2020;23(3):421-432.
- Kang S, Moser VA, Svendsen CN, Goodridge HS. Rejuvenating the blood and bone marrow to slow aging-associated cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease. Commun Biol. 2020;3(1):69.
- Learoyd P. The history of blood transfusion prior to the 20th century--part 1. Transfus Med. 2012;22(5):308-314.
- Shytikov D, Balva O, Debonneuil E, Glukhovskiy P, Pishel I. Aged mice repeatedly injected with plasma from young mice: a survival study. Biores Open Access. 2014;3(5):226-232.
- Biller-Andorno N. Young blood for old hands? A recent anti-ageing trial prompts ethical questions. Swiss Med Wkly. 2016;146:w14359.
- Fernández-Zarzoso M, Gómez-Seguí I, de la Rubia J. Therapeutic plasma exchange: Review of current indications. Transfus Apher Sci. 2019;58(3):247-253.
- Mehdipour M, Mehdipour T, Skinner CM, et al. Plasma dilution improves cognition and attenuates neuroinflammation in old mice. Geroscience. 2021;43(1):1-18.
- Mehdipour M, Skinner C, Wong N, et al. Rejuvenation of three germ layers tissues by exchanging old blood plasma with saline-albumin. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(10):8790-8819.
- Loeffler DA. Ambar, an encouraging alzheimer’s trial that raises questions. Front Neurol. 2020;11:459.
- Rebo J, Mehdipour M, Gathwala R, et al. A single heterochronic blood exchange reveals rapid inhibition of multiple tissues by old blood. Nat Commun. 2016;7:13363.
- Castellano JM, Mosher KI, Abbey RJ, et al. Human umbilical cord plasma proteins revitalize hippocampal function in aged mice. Nature. 2017;544(7651):488-492.
- Boada M, López OL, Olazarán J, et al. A randomized, controlled clinical trial of plasma exchange with albumin replacement for Alzheimer’s disease: Primary results of the AMBAR Study. Alzheimers Dement. 2020;16(10):1412-1425.
Motion graphics by Avo Media
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Can Getting Transfusions of Young Blood Slow Aging?
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Content URLDoctor's Note
If you missed it, the previous video was Parabiosis Experiments Prove Bloodborne Aging Factors.
My new book, How Not to Age, is all about aging, and you can get your copy now at your local public library or wherever books are sold. If you haven’t seen them yet, check out the book trailer and my new presentation. (As always, all proceeds I receive from all of my books are donated to charity.)
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