If people burn more fat on the days they exercise before eating, rather than afterwards, why doesn’t this translate into more weight loss?
Better to Exercise Before or After Meals for Weight Loss and Blood Sugar Control?
Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
A systematic review and meta-analysis on exercise timing for fat metabolism found that exercising in a completely fasted state may work best. The Japanese team that published some of the seminal work in this area went as far as to assert: “If exercise were a pill to burn body fat, it would be effective only when taken before breakfast.” Surveys show few people exercise before breakfast, though. Before asking people to make the switch, we need to make sure that these tantalizing 24-hour results translate into weight loss over the long term. There’s a solid theoretical basis, but you don’t know until you put it to the test.
In a study of experimental weight gain, volunteers were fed up to 4,500 calories a day for six weeks while vigorously exercising a total of 300 minutes a week, either always after an overnight fast or after a meal. A control group who didn’t exercise at all gained about 6.5 pounds, compared to 3 pounds in the exercise-after-a-meal group. The pre-meal exercise group worked out the same amount, but only gained about half as much—1 3/4 pounds. What about weight loss, though?
Twenty young women were randomized into three hours a week of before or after a meal exercise. Same diets, same amount of exercise, and, disappointingly, about same amount of weight loss. The pre-meal exercise group did lose about an extra pound of body fat (total weight loss 3.5 lbs. vs. 2.2 lbs.), but this did not reach statistical significance, meaning such a small difference could very well have been due to chance. A study of six weeks of low volume, high intensity interval training before or after meals similarly failed to show a difference.
One explanation that’s been offered for this failure is that the increased fat loss during pre-meal exercise might be “neutralized” by the lesser diet-induced thermogenesis. In other words, because it costs our body fewer calories to process food if we eat after, compared to before, physical activity. When we exercise after a meal, our body gets mixed signals. Exercise is all about mobilizing energy stores for fuel, whereas eating is more about assimilation and storage, and the metabolic challenge presented by the ensuing “hormonal tug-of-war” might be responsible for the 15 to 40 percent greater calorie cost. This has led some to recommend exercising after meals to facilitate weight loss. If you do the math, though, our body is so efficient at digesting that the 15 percent to 40 percent increase might only come out to be 3 to 12 calories. Such a slight difference would be easily overwhelmed by the huge disparity in fat loss, as confirmed by the 24-hour fat balance studies, showing up to 500 calories of fat-burning difference.
I would suggest a more reasonable explanation might be that the clear body fat deficit on pre-meal exercise days is made up for by extra fat storage on non-exercise days. Your body likes to hold on to extra body fat if it can, and so on days you’re not driving it down, it may try to even things out. Both of the failed weight loss studies had people exercising only three days a week, and so, their bodies had most of the week to compensate. The study I’d like to see is pre-meal vs. post-meal exercise, on all or at least most days of the week, to see if we can continue to drive down fat stores.
For those with diabetes, though, you’d want to do the opposite. You can imagine how that siphoning effect muscles have on excess blood sugar during exercise might be great for those suffering from elevated blood sugars. And indeed, exercising after a meal can bring down blood sugars as well as some blood sugar-lowering drugs. Randomize type 2 diabetics to a 20-minute leisurely stroll (about 2 mph) before dinner versus after dinner, and the after-dinner group blunted their blood sugar spike 30 percent. Same meal, same amount of exercise, but a significant effect on blood sugar control thanks to a little tactical timing. Even just a 10-minute walk after a meal may make a difference. So, for those with blood sugar problems, it’s better to exercise after meals than before them.
Blood sugar from a meal starts appearing in the bloodstream 15 to 20 minutes after the first bite, and is ramping up by 30 minutes to peak at around the one-hour mark before declining to pre-meal levels within a few hours. So, for optimal blood sugar control, prediabetics and diabetics should start exercising 30 minutes after the start of a meal, and ideally go for an hour to completely straddle the blood sugar peak. If you had to choose a single meal to exercise after, it would be dinner, due to the circadian rhythm of blood sugar control that wanes throughout the day. Ideally, then, breakfast would be the largest meal of the day, and you’d exercise after that, or exercise after every meal.
Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.
- Vieira AF, Costa RR, Macedo RC, Coconcelli L, Kruel LF. Effects of aerobic exercise performed in fasted v. fed state on fat and carbohydrate metabolism in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2016;116(7):1153-64.
- Iwayama K, Kurihara R, Nabekura Y, et al. Exercise Increases 24-h Fat Oxidation Only When It Is Performed Before Breakfast. EBioMedicine. 2015;2(12):2003-9.
- Iwayama K, Kawabuchi R, Nabekura Y, et al. Exercise before breakfast increases 24-h fat oxidation in female subjects. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180472.
- Van Proeyen K, Szlufcik K, Nielens H, et al. Training in the fasted state improves glucose tolerance during fat-rich diet. J Physiol. 2010;588(Pt 21):4289-302.
- Schoenfeld BJ, Aragon AA, Wilborn CD, Krieger JW, Sonmez GT. Body composition changes associated with fasted versus non-fasted aerobic exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014;11(1):54.
- Gillen JB, Percival ME, Ludzki A, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ. Interval training in the fed or fasted state improves body composition and muscle oxidative capacity in overweight women. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(11):2249-55.
- Segal KR, Gutin B. Thermic effects of food and exercise in lean and obese women. Metabolism. 1983;32(6):581-9.
- Goben KW, Sforzo GA, Frye PA. Exercise intensity and the thermic effect of food. Int J Sport Nutr. 1992;2(1):87-95.
- Davis JM, Sadri S, Sargent RG, Ward D. Weight control and calorie expenditure: thermogenic effects of pre-prandial and post-prandial exercise. Addict Behav. 1989;14(3):347-51.
- Iwayama K, Kawabuchi R, Park I, et al. Transient energy deficit induced by exercise increases 24-h fat oxidation in young trained men. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015;118(1):80-5.
- Chacko E. Co-ordinating meals and exercise for diabetes management. Diabetologia. 2015;58(6):1372-3.
- Chacko E. Exercising Tactically for Taming Postmeal Glucose Surges. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016;2016:4045717.
- Haxhi J, Scotto di Palumbo A, Sacchetti M. Exercising for metabolic control: is timing important?. Ann Nutr Metab. 2013;62(1):14-25.
- Colberg SR, Zarrabi L, Bennington L, et al. Postprandial walking is better for lowering the glycemic effect of dinner than pre-dinner exercise in type 2 diabetic individuals. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2009;10(6):394-7.
- Reynolds AN, Mann JI, Williams S, Venn BJ. Advice to walk after meals is more effective for lowering postprandial glycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus than advice that does not specify timing: a randomised crossover study. Diabetologia. 2016;59(12):2572-8.
- Chacko E. Why exercise before breakfast may not be for diabetes patients. Conn Med. 2014;78(9):517-20.
- Chacko E. A time for exercise: the exercise window. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2017;122(1):206-9.
- Schoenfeld B. Does cardio after an overnight fast maximize fat loss? Strength Cond J. 2011;33(1):23-5.
Motion graphics by Avo Media
Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
A systematic review and meta-analysis on exercise timing for fat metabolism found that exercising in a completely fasted state may work best. The Japanese team that published some of the seminal work in this area went as far as to assert: “If exercise were a pill to burn body fat, it would be effective only when taken before breakfast.” Surveys show few people exercise before breakfast, though. Before asking people to make the switch, we need to make sure that these tantalizing 24-hour results translate into weight loss over the long term. There’s a solid theoretical basis, but you don’t know until you put it to the test.
In a study of experimental weight gain, volunteers were fed up to 4,500 calories a day for six weeks while vigorously exercising a total of 300 minutes a week, either always after an overnight fast or after a meal. A control group who didn’t exercise at all gained about 6.5 pounds, compared to 3 pounds in the exercise-after-a-meal group. The pre-meal exercise group worked out the same amount, but only gained about half as much—1 3/4 pounds. What about weight loss, though?
Twenty young women were randomized into three hours a week of before or after a meal exercise. Same diets, same amount of exercise, and, disappointingly, about same amount of weight loss. The pre-meal exercise group did lose about an extra pound of body fat (total weight loss 3.5 lbs. vs. 2.2 lbs.), but this did not reach statistical significance, meaning such a small difference could very well have been due to chance. A study of six weeks of low volume, high intensity interval training before or after meals similarly failed to show a difference.
One explanation that’s been offered for this failure is that the increased fat loss during pre-meal exercise might be “neutralized” by the lesser diet-induced thermogenesis. In other words, because it costs our body fewer calories to process food if we eat after, compared to before, physical activity. When we exercise after a meal, our body gets mixed signals. Exercise is all about mobilizing energy stores for fuel, whereas eating is more about assimilation and storage, and the metabolic challenge presented by the ensuing “hormonal tug-of-war” might be responsible for the 15 to 40 percent greater calorie cost. This has led some to recommend exercising after meals to facilitate weight loss. If you do the math, though, our body is so efficient at digesting that the 15 percent to 40 percent increase might only come out to be 3 to 12 calories. Such a slight difference would be easily overwhelmed by the huge disparity in fat loss, as confirmed by the 24-hour fat balance studies, showing up to 500 calories of fat-burning difference.
I would suggest a more reasonable explanation might be that the clear body fat deficit on pre-meal exercise days is made up for by extra fat storage on non-exercise days. Your body likes to hold on to extra body fat if it can, and so on days you’re not driving it down, it may try to even things out. Both of the failed weight loss studies had people exercising only three days a week, and so, their bodies had most of the week to compensate. The study I’d like to see is pre-meal vs. post-meal exercise, on all or at least most days of the week, to see if we can continue to drive down fat stores.
For those with diabetes, though, you’d want to do the opposite. You can imagine how that siphoning effect muscles have on excess blood sugar during exercise might be great for those suffering from elevated blood sugars. And indeed, exercising after a meal can bring down blood sugars as well as some blood sugar-lowering drugs. Randomize type 2 diabetics to a 20-minute leisurely stroll (about 2 mph) before dinner versus after dinner, and the after-dinner group blunted their blood sugar spike 30 percent. Same meal, same amount of exercise, but a significant effect on blood sugar control thanks to a little tactical timing. Even just a 10-minute walk after a meal may make a difference. So, for those with blood sugar problems, it’s better to exercise after meals than before them.
Blood sugar from a meal starts appearing in the bloodstream 15 to 20 minutes after the first bite, and is ramping up by 30 minutes to peak at around the one-hour mark before declining to pre-meal levels within a few hours. So, for optimal blood sugar control, prediabetics and diabetics should start exercising 30 minutes after the start of a meal, and ideally go for an hour to completely straddle the blood sugar peak. If you had to choose a single meal to exercise after, it would be dinner, due to the circadian rhythm of blood sugar control that wanes throughout the day. Ideally, then, breakfast would be the largest meal of the day, and you’d exercise after that, or exercise after every meal.
Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.
- Vieira AF, Costa RR, Macedo RC, Coconcelli L, Kruel LF. Effects of aerobic exercise performed in fasted v. fed state on fat and carbohydrate metabolism in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2016;116(7):1153-64.
- Iwayama K, Kurihara R, Nabekura Y, et al. Exercise Increases 24-h Fat Oxidation Only When It Is Performed Before Breakfast. EBioMedicine. 2015;2(12):2003-9.
- Iwayama K, Kawabuchi R, Nabekura Y, et al. Exercise before breakfast increases 24-h fat oxidation in female subjects. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180472.
- Van Proeyen K, Szlufcik K, Nielens H, et al. Training in the fasted state improves glucose tolerance during fat-rich diet. J Physiol. 2010;588(Pt 21):4289-302.
- Schoenfeld BJ, Aragon AA, Wilborn CD, Krieger JW, Sonmez GT. Body composition changes associated with fasted versus non-fasted aerobic exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014;11(1):54.
- Gillen JB, Percival ME, Ludzki A, Tarnopolsky MA, Gibala MJ. Interval training in the fed or fasted state improves body composition and muscle oxidative capacity in overweight women. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(11):2249-55.
- Segal KR, Gutin B. Thermic effects of food and exercise in lean and obese women. Metabolism. 1983;32(6):581-9.
- Goben KW, Sforzo GA, Frye PA. Exercise intensity and the thermic effect of food. Int J Sport Nutr. 1992;2(1):87-95.
- Davis JM, Sadri S, Sargent RG, Ward D. Weight control and calorie expenditure: thermogenic effects of pre-prandial and post-prandial exercise. Addict Behav. 1989;14(3):347-51.
- Iwayama K, Kawabuchi R, Park I, et al. Transient energy deficit induced by exercise increases 24-h fat oxidation in young trained men. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015;118(1):80-5.
- Chacko E. Co-ordinating meals and exercise for diabetes management. Diabetologia. 2015;58(6):1372-3.
- Chacko E. Exercising Tactically for Taming Postmeal Glucose Surges. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016;2016:4045717.
- Haxhi J, Scotto di Palumbo A, Sacchetti M. Exercising for metabolic control: is timing important?. Ann Nutr Metab. 2013;62(1):14-25.
- Colberg SR, Zarrabi L, Bennington L, et al. Postprandial walking is better for lowering the glycemic effect of dinner than pre-dinner exercise in type 2 diabetic individuals. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2009;10(6):394-7.
- Reynolds AN, Mann JI, Williams S, Venn BJ. Advice to walk after meals is more effective for lowering postprandial glycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus than advice that does not specify timing: a randomised crossover study. Diabetologia. 2016;59(12):2572-8.
- Chacko E. Why exercise before breakfast may not be for diabetes patients. Conn Med. 2014;78(9):517-20.
- Chacko E. A time for exercise: the exercise window. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2017;122(1):206-9.
- Schoenfeld B. Does cardio after an overnight fast maximize fat loss? Strength Cond J. 2011;33(1):23-5.
Motion graphics by Avo Media
Republishing "Better to Exercise Before or After Meals for Weight Loss and Blood Sugar Control?"
You may republish this material online or in print under our Creative Commons licence. You must attribute the article to NutritionFacts.org with a link back to our website in your republication.
If any changes are made to the original text or video, you must indicate, reasonably, what has changed about the article or video.
You may not use our material for commercial purposes.
You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything permitted here.
If you have any questions, please Contact Us
Better to Exercise Before or After Meals for Weight Loss and Blood Sugar Control?
LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Content URLDoctor's Note
If you missed the previous video, see The Best Time to Exercise for Weight Loss.
There is a way to use chronobiology to your advantage. See:
- Is Skipping Breakfast Better for Weight Loss?
- Eat More Calories in the Morning to Lose Weight
- Breakfast Like a King, Lunch Like a Prince, Dinner Like a Pauper
- Eat More Calories in the Morning Than the Evening
People with diabetes may also be interested in How Circadian Rhythms Affect Blood Sugar Levels and Fasting to Reverse Diabetes.
Check out The Exercise “Myth” for Weight Loss and The Secret to Weight Loss Through Exercise for the latest on exercise and weight loss.
If you haven’t yet, you can subscribe to my videos for free by clicking here. Read our important information about translations here.