Friday Favorites: Mushrooms for Prostate Cancer and Cancer Survival

Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.

Mushrooms and cancer survival? Check out this video to find out the results of randomized controlled trials of mushroom consumption in cancer patients.

Can mushrooms be medicinal? Mushroom-based products make up a sizable chunk of the $50 billion supplement market. “This profitable trade provides a powerful incentive for companies to test the credulity of their customers and [sadly] unsupported assertions have come to define the medical mushroom business.” For example, companies that market herbal medicines exploit references to studies on mice to promote their mushroom capsules for treating all kinds of ailments. But, if you haven’t noticed, we’re not mice.

I mean, it wouldn’t be surprising if mushrooms had some potent properties. After all, fungi are where we got a bunch of drugs, not the least of which is penicillin, also a cholesterol-lowering drug lovastatin, and the powerful immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin. Still don’t think a little mushroom can have pharmacological effects? Don’t forget they can produce some of our most powerful poisons. Some kind of look the part, like the toxic Carolina false morel, all toadstooly and such, but others have more of an angelic look, indeed, literally called the destroying angel (that’s its name), and as little as a teaspoon can cause a painful, lingering death.

So anyway, we should have respect for the pharmacological potential of mushrooms, but what can they do that’s good for us? Well, consuming shiitake mushrooms daily improves human immunity. Giving people just one or two dried shiitake mushrooms a day (about the weight equivalent of five to ten fresh ones) for four weeks resulted in an increase in proliferation of gamma-delta T lymphocytes, and doubled the proliferation of natural killer cells. Gamma-delta cells act as a first line of immunological defense. And even better, natural killer cells kill cancer, and the shiitake did all this while lowering markers of systemic inflammation.

Oyster mushroom extracts don’t seem to work as well, but what we care about is if mushrooms can actually affect cancer outcomes. Shiitakes haven’t been tried yet, but reishi mushrooms have, after being used as a cancer treatment throughout Asia for centuries.

Reishi mushroom for cancer treatment: What does the science say? A meta-analysis of five randomized controlled trials showed that patients who had been given reishi mushroom supplements along with chemo/radiation were more likely to respond positively compared to just chemo/radiation alone. Although adding a reishi mushroom extract improved tumor response rates, the data failed to demonstrate a significant effect on tumor shrinkage when the mushrooms were used alone. So, they aren’t recommended as a single treatment, but rather an adjunct treatment for patients with advanced cancer.

“Response rate” just means the tumor shrinks. What we care about is whether or not it actually improves survival or quality of life. and we don’t have convincing data suggesting reishi mushroom products improve survival. But those randomized to reishi were found to have a relatively better quality of life; so, that’s a win as far as I’m concerned.

What about other mushrooms? Although whole shiitake mushrooms haven’t been tested yet, there’s a compound that’s extracted from shiitakes called lentinan, which is said to have completely inhibited the growth of a certain kind of sarcoma in mice. But in actuality, it only worked in one single strain of mice, and failed in nine others. So, are we more like the 90 percent of mouse strains in which it didn’t work? We need human trials, and we finally got them. There are data on nearly 10,000 cancer patients who have been treated with the shiitake mushroom extract injected right into their veins. What did the researchers find? We’ll find out next.

A regular intake of mushrooms is said to make us healthier, fitter, happier, and help us live longer. But what is the evidence for all of that? Mushrooms are widely cited for their medicinal qualities, yet very few rigorous human intervention studies have been done.

There is a compound called lentinan, extracted from shiitake mushrooms. To get about an ounce, you have to distill around 400 pounds of shiitakes. That’s like 2,000 cups of mushrooms. But then, you can inject the compound into cancer patients, and see what happens. The pooled response from a dozen small clinical trials found that the “objective response rate” was significantly improved when lentinan was added to chemo regimens for lung cancer. Objective response rate means like tumor shrinkage. But what we really care about is survival and quality of life. Does it actually make cancer patients live any longer or any better? Well, those in the lentinan group suffered less chemo-related toxicity to their gut and bone marrow, so that alone might be reason enough to use it. But what about improving survival?

I was excited to see that lentinan evidently could significantly improve survival rates for a type of leukemia. And here it is. Adding lentinan increased average survival, reduced cachexia (which is like cancer-associated muscle wasting), and improved cage-side health. Wait, what? Damn it. This was improved survival for brown Norwegian rats. So, that so-called clinical benefit only applies if you’re a veterinarian.

A compilation of 17 actual human clinical studies did find improvements in one-year survival in advanced cancer patients, but no significant difference in the likelihood of living out to two years. Even the compilations of studies that purport that lentinan offers a significant advantage in terms of survival, are talking about statistical significance. It’s hard even to tell these survival curves apart. Lentinan improved survival by an average of 25 days. Now, 25 days is 25 days, but we should evaluate claims made by companies about the miraculous properties of medicinal mushrooms very critically.

Lentinan has to be injected intravenously. What about mushroom extract supplements you can just take yourself? Shiitake mushroom extract is available through the Internet for the treatment of prostate cancer for approximately $300 a month, so it’s got to be good, right? Men who regularly eat mushrooms do seem to be at lower risk for getting prostate cancer, and not apparently just because they eat less meat or more fruits and vegetables in general.

So, why not give a shiitake mushroom extract a try?  Because it doesn’t work—ineffective in the treatment of clinical prostate cancer. The results demonstrate that complementary and alternative medicine claims can actually be put to the test. What a concept! Maybe it should be mandatory before patients spend large sums of money on unproven treatments––or, in this case, a disproven treatment,

What about God’s mushroom (also known as the mushroom of life) or reishi mushrooms? Conclusions: No significant anticancer effects were found; not even a single partial response. Maybe we’re overthinking it. Plain white button mushroom extracts can kill off prostate cancer cells, at least in a petri dish, but so could the fancy God’s mushroom. But that didn’t end up working in people. You don’t know if plain white button mushrooms work or not, until you put it to the test.

What I like about this study is that the researchers didn’t use a proprietary extract. They just used regular whole mushrooms, dried and powdered—the equivalent to a half cup to a cup and a half of fresh white button mushrooms a day, in other words a totally doable amount. They gave them to men with “biochemically recurrent prostate cancer.” What that means is the men had already gotten a prostatectomy or radiation in an attempt to cut or burn out all the cancer, but now it’s back and growing, as evidenced by a rise in PSA levels, an indicator of prostate cancer progression.

Of the 26 patients who got the button mushroom powder, four appeared to respond, meaning they got a drop in PSA levels by more than 50 percent after starting the shrooms.

Here’s where the four responders started out in the months leading up to starting the mushrooms. Patient 2 was my favorite. He had an exponential increase in PSA levels for a year, and then he started some plain white mushrooms and then boom, his PSA level drops down to zero and stays down. A similar response was seen with patient 1. Patient 4 had a partial response, before his cancer took off again, and Patient 3 appeared to have a delayed partial response.

Now in the majority of cases, the PSA levels continued to rise, not dipping at all. But even if there is only a one in 18 chance you’ll be like these two, with a prolonged complete response that continues to date, we’re not talking about weighing the risks of some toxic chemotherapy for the small chance of benefit, but just eating some inexpensive, easy, tasty plain white mushrooms every day.

Yes, the study didn’t have a control group, and so it may have just been a coincidence, but post-prostatectomy patients with rising PSAs are almost always indicators of cancer progression. And, hey, what’s the downside?

In these two patients, their PSA levels became undetectable, suggesting that the cancer disappeared altogether. They had already gone through surgery, had gotten their primary tumor removed along with their entire prostate, already went through radiation to try to clean up any cancer that remained, and yet the cancer appeared to be surging back—until, that is, they started a little plain mushroom powder.

Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.

• Money NP. Are mushrooms medicinal?. Fungal Biol. 2016;120(4):449-53.
• Litten W. The most poisonous mushrooms. Sci Am. 1975;232(3):90-101.
• Lim CS, Chhabra N, Leikin S, Fischbein C, Mueller GM, Nelson ME. Atlas of select poisonous plants and mushrooms. Dis Mon. 2016;62(3):41-66.
• Culliton BJ. The destroying angel: a story of a search for an antidote. Science. 1974;185(4151):600-1.
• Dai X, Stanilka JM, Rowe CA, et al. Consuming Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) Mushrooms Daily Improves Human Immunity: A Randomized Dietary Intervention in Healthy Young Adults. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015;34(6):478-87.
• Tanaka A, Nishimura M, Sato Y, Sato H, Nishihira J. Enhancement of the Th1-phenotype immune system by the intake of oyster mushroom (Tamogitake) extract in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Tradit Complement Med. 2015;6(4):424-30.
• Popović V, Živković J, Davidović S, Stevanović M, Stojković D. Mycotherapy of cancer: An update on cytotoxic and antitumor activities of mushrooms, bioactive principles and molecular mechanisms of their action. Curr Top Med Chem. 2013;13(21):2791-806.
• Jin X, Ruiz Beguerie J, Sze DM, Chan GC. Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(6):CD007731.
• Ivanova TS, Krupodorova TA, Barshteyn VY, Artamonova AB, Shlyakhovenko VA. Anticancer substances of mushroom origin. Exp Oncol. 2014;36(2):58-66.
• Zákány J, Chihara G, Fachet J. Effect of lentinan on tumor growth in murine allogeneic and syngeneic hosts. Int J Cancer. 1980;25(3):371-6.
• Zhang M, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Tian Q. Mushroom polysaccharide lentinan for treating different types of cancers: A review of 12 years clinical studies in China. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2019;163:297-328.
• Chang ST, Wasser SP. The role of culinary-medicinal mushrooms on human welfare with a pyramid model for human health. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2012;14(2):95-134.
• Dai X, Stanilka JM, Rowe CA, et al. Consuming Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) Mushrooms Daily Improves Human Immunity: A Randomized Dietary Intervention in Healthy Young Adults. J Am Coll Nutr. 2015;34(6):478-87.
• Chihara G, Hamuro J, Maeda Y, Arai Y, Fukuoka F. Fractionation and purification of the polysaccharides with marked antitumor activity, especially lentinan, from Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. (an edible mushroom). Cancer Res. 1970;30(11):2776-81.
• Yin X, Ying J, Li L, Zhang H, Wang H. A meta-analysis of lentinan injection combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer. Indian J Cancer. 2015;52 Suppl 1:e29-31.
• Kapoor S. Lentinan: clinical benefit in the management of systemic malignancies. Surg Today. 2014;44(7):1389.
• McCormack E, Skavland J, Mujic M, Bruserud Ø, Gjertsen BT. Lentinan: hematopoietic, immunological, and efficacy studies in a syngeneic model of acute myeloid leukemia. Nutr Cancer. 2010;62(5):574-83.
• Money NP. Are mushrooms medicinal?. Fungal Biol. 2016;120(4):449-53.
• Wang H, Cai Y, Zheng Y, Bai Q, Xie D, Yu J. Efficacy of biological response modifier lentinan with chemotherapy for advanced cancer: A meta-analysis. Cancer Med. 2017;6(10):2222-33.
• Oba K, Kobayashi M, Matsui T, Kodera Y, Sakamoto J. Individual patient based meta-analysis of lentinan for unresectable/recurrent gastric cancer. Anticancer Res. 2009;29(7):2739-45.
• deVere White RW, Hackman RM, Soares SE, Beckett LA, Sun B. Effects of a mushroom mycelium extract on the treatment of prostate cancer. Urology. 2002;60(4):640-4.
• Zhang S, Sugawara Y, Chen S, et al. Mushroom consumption and incident risk of prostate cancer in Japan: A pooled analysis of the Miyagi Cohort Study and the Ohsaki Cohort Study. Int J Cancer. 2020;146(10):2712-20.
• Yoshimura K, Kamoto T, Ogawa O, Matsui S, Tsuchiya N, Tada H, Murata K, Yoshimura K, Habuchi T, Fukushima M. Medical mushrooms used for biochemical failure after radical treatment for prostate cancer: An open-label study. Int J Urol. 2010 Jun;17(6):548-54.
• Adams LS, Phung S, Wu X, Ki L, Chen S. White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) exhibits antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties and inhibits prostate tumor growth in athymic mice. Nutr Cancer. 2008;60(6):744-56.
• Yu CH, Kan SF, Shu CH, Lu TJ, Sun-Hwang L, Wang PS. Inhibitory mechanisms of Agaricus blazei Murill on the growth of prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. J Nutr Biochem. 2009;20(10):753-64.
• Twardowski P, Kanaya N, Frankel P, et al. A phase I trial of mushroom powder in patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer: Roles of cytokines and myeloid-derived suppressor cells for Agaricus bisporus-induced prostate-specific antigen responses. Cancer. 2015;121(17):2942-50.

Video production by Glass Entertainment

Motion graphics by Avo Media