Used in about eight million pounds of meat every year in the United States, the “meat glue” enzyme, transglutaminase, has potential food safety and allergy implications.
Is Meat Glue Safe?
4.2/5 - (22 votes)
Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
The so-called meat glue enzyme, transglutaminase, is used by the industry to add value by gluing together smaller scraps into a larger chunk. And, not just to make fake steak. The American Meat Institute estimates it’s used in about eight million pounds of meat every year in the United States. It “can be used to cross-link pieces of [any type of] meat, fish, or meat product,” hence can be used to produce large chunks of virtually intact-looking meat or fish out of small meat or fish cuttings. In fact, when these researchers actually tested for it in 20 samples of meat from the supermarket, they only found meat glue in salmon and turkey. I mean, how else are you going to get an improvement in “gelling properties” of minced lizardfish?
Where does meat glue come from? For decades, the sole commercial source of transglutaminase was from the livers of guinea pigs. Now, it can be sourced much cheaper. However, the future of meat glue remains “uncertain” because of, as meat scientists describe, “communication difficulties.”
One of the reasons the industry is so excited about this stuff is because using meat glue enzymes, “restructured” meat can be made “from under utilized portions of the carcasses.” For example, you can get away with adding up to 5% tendons, and some people can’t even tell the difference. This has raised food safety concerns, though. There’s “a risk that otherwise discarded leftovers of questionable microbial quality could find their way into the reconstituted meat.”
You can actually take a microscope, and see introduced E. coli O157:H7 “along the glue lines where meat pieces were enzymatically attached”—which shows that “the restructuring process” can translocate fecal matter “surface contamination into the interior” of the meat.
Furthermore, people who have problems with gluten may develop problems when ingesting meat treated with the meat glue enzyme, since it “functions as an auto-antigen capable of inducing an autoimmune reaction.”
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- Y. Zhu, A. Rinzema, J. Tramper, J. Bol. Microbial transglutaminase - a review of its production and application in food processing. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1995 44(3 - 4):277 - 282.
- American Meat Institute. Questions and Answers About Transglutaminase Sometimes Called 'Meat Glue'. 2012.
- A. Kaufmann, R. Köppel, M. Widmer. Determination of microbial transglutaminase in meat and meat products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012 29(9):1364 - 1373.
- M. T. Ortega-Valenzuela, R. K. Phebus, H. Thippareddi, J. L. Marsden, C. L. Kastner. Escherichia coli O157: H7 risk assessment for production and cooking of restructured beef steaks. Report of progress (Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service); 873 2010.
- S. Benjakul, S. Phatcharat, A. Tammatinna, W. Visessanguan, H. Kishimura. Improvement of gelling properties of lizardfish mince as influenced by microbial transglutaminase and fish freshness. J. Food Sci. 2008 73(6):S239 - S246.
- I. A. al-Sheddy, D. Y. Fung, C. L. Kastner. Microbiology of fresh and restructured lamb meat: A review. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 1995 21(1):31 - 52.
- E. D. Strange, R. C. Whiting. Effects of added connective tissues on the sensory and mechanical properties of restructured beef steaks. Meat Sci. 1990 27(1):61 - 74.
- M. N. Marsh. Transglutaminase, gluten and celiac disease: Food for thought. Nat. Med. 1997 3(7):725 - 726.
Images thanks to außerirdische sind gesund, Scott Ashkenaz, and Acrossthesea via flickr
Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
The so-called meat glue enzyme, transglutaminase, is used by the industry to add value by gluing together smaller scraps into a larger chunk. And, not just to make fake steak. The American Meat Institute estimates it’s used in about eight million pounds of meat every year in the United States. It “can be used to cross-link pieces of [any type of] meat, fish, or meat product,” hence can be used to produce large chunks of virtually intact-looking meat or fish out of small meat or fish cuttings. In fact, when these researchers actually tested for it in 20 samples of meat from the supermarket, they only found meat glue in salmon and turkey. I mean, how else are you going to get an improvement in “gelling properties” of minced lizardfish?
Where does meat glue come from? For decades, the sole commercial source of transglutaminase was from the livers of guinea pigs. Now, it can be sourced much cheaper. However, the future of meat glue remains “uncertain” because of, as meat scientists describe, “communication difficulties.”
One of the reasons the industry is so excited about this stuff is because using meat glue enzymes, “restructured” meat can be made “from under utilized portions of the carcasses.” For example, you can get away with adding up to 5% tendons, and some people can’t even tell the difference. This has raised food safety concerns, though. There’s “a risk that otherwise discarded leftovers of questionable microbial quality could find their way into the reconstituted meat.”
You can actually take a microscope, and see introduced E. coli O157:H7 “along the glue lines where meat pieces were enzymatically attached”—which shows that “the restructuring process” can translocate fecal matter “surface contamination into the interior” of the meat.
Furthermore, people who have problems with gluten may develop problems when ingesting meat treated with the meat glue enzyme, since it “functions as an auto-antigen capable of inducing an autoimmune reaction.”
Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.
- Y. Zhu, A. Rinzema, J. Tramper, J. Bol. Microbial transglutaminase - a review of its production and application in food processing. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1995 44(3 - 4):277 - 282.
- American Meat Institute. Questions and Answers About Transglutaminase Sometimes Called 'Meat Glue'. 2012.
- A. Kaufmann, R. Köppel, M. Widmer. Determination of microbial transglutaminase in meat and meat products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012 29(9):1364 - 1373.
- M. T. Ortega-Valenzuela, R. K. Phebus, H. Thippareddi, J. L. Marsden, C. L. Kastner. Escherichia coli O157: H7 risk assessment for production and cooking of restructured beef steaks. Report of progress (Kansas State University. Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service); 873 2010.
- S. Benjakul, S. Phatcharat, A. Tammatinna, W. Visessanguan, H. Kishimura. Improvement of gelling properties of lizardfish mince as influenced by microbial transglutaminase and fish freshness. J. Food Sci. 2008 73(6):S239 - S246.
- I. A. al-Sheddy, D. Y. Fung, C. L. Kastner. Microbiology of fresh and restructured lamb meat: A review. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 1995 21(1):31 - 52.
- E. D. Strange, R. C. Whiting. Effects of added connective tissues on the sensory and mechanical properties of restructured beef steaks. Meat Sci. 1990 27(1):61 - 74.
- M. N. Marsh. Transglutaminase, gluten and celiac disease: Food for thought. Nat. Med. 1997 3(7):725 - 726.
Images thanks to außerirdische sind gesund, Scott Ashkenaz, and Acrossthesea via flickr
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Title
Is Meat Glue Safe?
LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Content URLDoctor's Note
Some meat additives, however, may actually improve food safety. See Meat Additives to Diminish Toxicity, Viral Meat Spray and Maggot Meat Spray.
For more on E. coli O157:H7, see Meat May Exceed Daily Allowance of Irony. For those interested in the politics of this “Jack-in-the-Box” strain, see my blog posts E. coli O145 Ban Opposed by Meat Industry and Supreme Court case: meat industry sues to keep downed animals in food supply. From a population perspective, the E. coli in chicken is more of a concern; see Avoiding Chicken To Avoid Bladder Infections.
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