Before watching the video, can you guess which conditions vitamin D has actually been proven to work for in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials?
Vitamin D Supplements Tested for COPD, Heart Disease, Depression, Obesity, and Cancer Survival
4.8/5 - (93 votes)
Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
Many health benefits have been attributed to having higher vitamin D levels in the blood. Examples include reduced risk of musculoskeletal disorders, infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, several types of cancer, neurocognitive dysfunction, adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, and all-cause mortality. But most such attributions are based on observational studies––meaning just drawing correlations between the two.
And having high vitamin levels may just be a marker of “good health.” After all, vitamin D is the sunshine vitamin. Who has higher levels of vitamin D in their blood? People who run around outside; so, maybe the D is just a marker for exercise, and that’s really what’s lowering disease risk. And indeed, when vitamin D supplements are actually put to the test in randomized controlled trials, they often fail to support a direct vitamin D benefit.
In this video, I’m going to explore the randomized controlled trial data on vitamin D supplementation for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), like emphysema, critical illness––like whether we should be giving vitamin D to people in the ICU––cardiovascular disease (like heart attacks and strokes), preventing depression, treating depression, vitamin D for weight loss, vitamin D for lung cancer survival, prostate cancer survival, and colorectal cancer survival. What do you think? Do you think vitamin D supplements will help with some of them, all of them, none of them? Let’s find out.
“The efficacy of vitamin D therapy for patients with COPD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials” found that compared to placebo, vitamin D can improve lung function, improve six-minute walk distance, and reduce the acute exacerbation, sputum volume, and COPD assessment test scores. In other words, so far, so good. Vitamin D supplements are effective for treating COPD.
What about vitamin D supplementation for critically ill adult patients? If your loved one ends up in the ICU for whatever reason, should you try to press their doctors to give them a vitamin D boost? Overall, nine randomized controlled trials involving nearly 2,000 patients were included, and no significant difference in mortality was observed. So far, D is one for two.
What about cardiovascular disease? Widespread fascination with vitamin D as a panacea is responsible for nearly a 100-fold increase in vitamin D testing and supplementation over the last decade, and no wonder. Follow people over time, and there is an unequivocal association between low vitamin D status and people’s risk of getting and dying from our leading killer, cardiovascular disease. But is it cause-and-effect? Maybe low vitamin D levels are a result of cardiovascular disease, rather than the cause. If you have chest pain, you’re probably not out in the sun running around. That’s why there have been more than 20 randomized controlled trials to put vitamin D to the test and…no benefit for heart attacks, no benefit for strokes, and no benefit for mortality. The good news, of course, is that heart disease is preventable, is reversible, but requires significantly cleaning up of your diet.
What about vitamin D for preventing depression? Among older adults, five years of vitamin D supplementation had no effect on the occurrence of depression, or change of mood scores. These findings do not support the use of vitamin D to prevent depression. What about treating depression? Every single one of the trials for patients suffering from major depression found a benefit to vitamin D supplementation over placebo, though more is not necessarily better, and it may take a few months for it to kick in.
Let’s see how we’re doing on the scoreboard. Obesity is next. “Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on General and Abdominal Obesity: Results from 20 Randomized Controlled Trials…” show no significant effect on the measures of obesity, including BMI, waist circumference, or waist-to-height ratio.
Treating cancer is next. “Vitamin D Supplementation and Survival of Patients with…” the most common type of lung cancer. In early-stage lung cancer, all you can do is try cutting out the primary tumor, but despite adding chemo, tumor relapse rates remain high. Surgeons noted that patients who had surgery during the summer seemed to do better than those in the winter, which was chalked up to higher vitamin D status. So, they randomized patients to 1200 IU of vitamin D a day or placebo, and over the next few years…no significant difference in either relapse-free survival or overall survival was seen with vitamin D compared with the placebo group. But that was in the total study population.
What if you just looked at the patients who started out with low vitamin D levels? In that case, there did appear to be a benefit from vitamin D supplementation. Among those starting out with vitamin D levels under 20 ng/mL (which is equivalent to 50 nmol/L, depending on which units your lab uses), half of those who took placebo relapsed, and half died. But those who started with low levels and were treated with actual vitamin D, 86 percent remained in remission, and 91 percent remained alive.
What about “The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials”? found there were no significant differences in total mortality between participants receiving vitamin D supplementation and those receiving placebo.
That brings us to here, though again, note the lung cancer benefit was only seen in those who started out with low levels. And vitamin D supplementation for colorectal cancer survival? Yes. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that supplementation imparts a 30 percent reduction in bad outcomes overall, with a 24 percent reduction in the risk of dying specifically from your colorectal cancer, and a third lower risk of disease progression or death from any cause. The optimal dose for this survival benefit remains unclear, since the trials used different doses, but it looks like between 2000 and 4000 IU a day is a good place to start.
Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.
- Grant WB, Boucher BJ, Bhattoa HP, Lahore H. Why vitamin D clinical trials should be based on 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;177:266-269.
- Barry EL, Passarelli MN, Baron JA. Vitamin D as Cancer Therapy?: Insights From 2 New Trials. JAMA. 2019;321(14):1354-1355.
- Li X, He J, Yu M, Sun J. The efficacy of vitamin D therapy for patients with COPD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Palliat Med. 2020;9(2):286-297.
- Lan SH, Lai CC, Chang SP, Lu LC, Hung SH, Lin WT. Vitamin D supplementation and the outcomes of critically ill adult patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):14261.
- Quyyumi AA, Al Mheid I. The Demise of Vitamin D for Cardiovascular Prevention. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(8):776-777.
- Barbarawi M, Kheiri B, Zayed Y, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease Risks in More Than 83 000 Individuals in 21 Randomized Clinical Trials: A Meta-analysis [published correction appears in JAMA Cardiol. 2019 Nov 6;:]. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(8):765-776.
- Okereke OI, Reynolds CF 3rd, Mischoulon D, et al. Effect of Long-term Vitamin D3 Supplementation vs Placebo on Risk of Depression or Clinically Relevant Depressive Symptoms and on Change in Mood Scores: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;324(5):471-480.
- Cheng YC, Huang YC, Huang WL. The effect of vitamin D supplement on negative emotions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2020;37(6):549-564.
- Duan L, Han L, Liu Q, Zhao Y, Wang L, Wang Y. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on General and Central Obesity: Results from 20 Randomized Controlled Trials Involving Apparently Healthy Populations. Ann Nutr Metab. 2020;76(3):153-164.
- Akiba T, Morikawa T, Odaka M, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation and Survival of Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(17):4089-4097.
- Shahvazi S, Soltani S, Ahmadi SM, de Souza RJ, Salehi-Abargouei A. The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Horm Metab Res. 2019;51(1):11-21.
- Vaughan-Shaw PG, Buijs LF, Blackmur JP, et al. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on survival in patients with colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Cancer. 2020;123(11):1705-1712.
Motion graphics by Avo Media
Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
Many health benefits have been attributed to having higher vitamin D levels in the blood. Examples include reduced risk of musculoskeletal disorders, infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, several types of cancer, neurocognitive dysfunction, adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, and all-cause mortality. But most such attributions are based on observational studies––meaning just drawing correlations between the two.
And having high vitamin levels may just be a marker of “good health.” After all, vitamin D is the sunshine vitamin. Who has higher levels of vitamin D in their blood? People who run around outside; so, maybe the D is just a marker for exercise, and that’s really what’s lowering disease risk. And indeed, when vitamin D supplements are actually put to the test in randomized controlled trials, they often fail to support a direct vitamin D benefit.
In this video, I’m going to explore the randomized controlled trial data on vitamin D supplementation for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), like emphysema, critical illness––like whether we should be giving vitamin D to people in the ICU––cardiovascular disease (like heart attacks and strokes), preventing depression, treating depression, vitamin D for weight loss, vitamin D for lung cancer survival, prostate cancer survival, and colorectal cancer survival. What do you think? Do you think vitamin D supplements will help with some of them, all of them, none of them? Let’s find out.
“The efficacy of vitamin D therapy for patients with COPD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials” found that compared to placebo, vitamin D can improve lung function, improve six-minute walk distance, and reduce the acute exacerbation, sputum volume, and COPD assessment test scores. In other words, so far, so good. Vitamin D supplements are effective for treating COPD.
What about vitamin D supplementation for critically ill adult patients? If your loved one ends up in the ICU for whatever reason, should you try to press their doctors to give them a vitamin D boost? Overall, nine randomized controlled trials involving nearly 2,000 patients were included, and no significant difference in mortality was observed. So far, D is one for two.
What about cardiovascular disease? Widespread fascination with vitamin D as a panacea is responsible for nearly a 100-fold increase in vitamin D testing and supplementation over the last decade, and no wonder. Follow people over time, and there is an unequivocal association between low vitamin D status and people’s risk of getting and dying from our leading killer, cardiovascular disease. But is it cause-and-effect? Maybe low vitamin D levels are a result of cardiovascular disease, rather than the cause. If you have chest pain, you’re probably not out in the sun running around. That’s why there have been more than 20 randomized controlled trials to put vitamin D to the test and…no benefit for heart attacks, no benefit for strokes, and no benefit for mortality. The good news, of course, is that heart disease is preventable, is reversible, but requires significantly cleaning up of your diet.
What about vitamin D for preventing depression? Among older adults, five years of vitamin D supplementation had no effect on the occurrence of depression, or change of mood scores. These findings do not support the use of vitamin D to prevent depression. What about treating depression? Every single one of the trials for patients suffering from major depression found a benefit to vitamin D supplementation over placebo, though more is not necessarily better, and it may take a few months for it to kick in.
Let’s see how we’re doing on the scoreboard. Obesity is next. “Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on General and Abdominal Obesity: Results from 20 Randomized Controlled Trials…” show no significant effect on the measures of obesity, including BMI, waist circumference, or waist-to-height ratio.
Treating cancer is next. “Vitamin D Supplementation and Survival of Patients with…” the most common type of lung cancer. In early-stage lung cancer, all you can do is try cutting out the primary tumor, but despite adding chemo, tumor relapse rates remain high. Surgeons noted that patients who had surgery during the summer seemed to do better than those in the winter, which was chalked up to higher vitamin D status. So, they randomized patients to 1200 IU of vitamin D a day or placebo, and over the next few years…no significant difference in either relapse-free survival or overall survival was seen with vitamin D compared with the placebo group. But that was in the total study population.
What if you just looked at the patients who started out with low vitamin D levels? In that case, there did appear to be a benefit from vitamin D supplementation. Among those starting out with vitamin D levels under 20 ng/mL (which is equivalent to 50 nmol/L, depending on which units your lab uses), half of those who took placebo relapsed, and half died. But those who started with low levels and were treated with actual vitamin D, 86 percent remained in remission, and 91 percent remained alive.
What about “The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials”? found there were no significant differences in total mortality between participants receiving vitamin D supplementation and those receiving placebo.
That brings us to here, though again, note the lung cancer benefit was only seen in those who started out with low levels. And vitamin D supplementation for colorectal cancer survival? Yes. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that supplementation imparts a 30 percent reduction in bad outcomes overall, with a 24 percent reduction in the risk of dying specifically from your colorectal cancer, and a third lower risk of disease progression or death from any cause. The optimal dose for this survival benefit remains unclear, since the trials used different doses, but it looks like between 2000 and 4000 IU a day is a good place to start.
Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.
- Grant WB, Boucher BJ, Bhattoa HP, Lahore H. Why vitamin D clinical trials should be based on 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;177:266-269.
- Barry EL, Passarelli MN, Baron JA. Vitamin D as Cancer Therapy?: Insights From 2 New Trials. JAMA. 2019;321(14):1354-1355.
- Li X, He J, Yu M, Sun J. The efficacy of vitamin D therapy for patients with COPD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Palliat Med. 2020;9(2):286-297.
- Lan SH, Lai CC, Chang SP, Lu LC, Hung SH, Lin WT. Vitamin D supplementation and the outcomes of critically ill adult patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):14261.
- Quyyumi AA, Al Mheid I. The Demise of Vitamin D for Cardiovascular Prevention. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(8):776-777.
- Barbarawi M, Kheiri B, Zayed Y, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease Risks in More Than 83 000 Individuals in 21 Randomized Clinical Trials: A Meta-analysis [published correction appears in JAMA Cardiol. 2019 Nov 6;:]. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4(8):765-776.
- Okereke OI, Reynolds CF 3rd, Mischoulon D, et al. Effect of Long-term Vitamin D3 Supplementation vs Placebo on Risk of Depression or Clinically Relevant Depressive Symptoms and on Change in Mood Scores: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;324(5):471-480.
- Cheng YC, Huang YC, Huang WL. The effect of vitamin D supplement on negative emotions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2020;37(6):549-564.
- Duan L, Han L, Liu Q, Zhao Y, Wang L, Wang Y. Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on General and Central Obesity: Results from 20 Randomized Controlled Trials Involving Apparently Healthy Populations. Ann Nutr Metab. 2020;76(3):153-164.
- Akiba T, Morikawa T, Odaka M, et al. Vitamin D Supplementation and Survival of Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(17):4089-4097.
- Shahvazi S, Soltani S, Ahmadi SM, de Souza RJ, Salehi-Abargouei A. The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Horm Metab Res. 2019;51(1):11-21.
- Vaughan-Shaw PG, Buijs LF, Blackmur JP, et al. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on survival in patients with colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Cancer. 2020;123(11):1705-1712.
Motion graphics by Avo Media
Republishing "Vitamin D Supplements Tested for COPD, Heart Disease, Depression, Obesity, and Cancer Survival"
Terms
You may republish this material online or in print under our Creative Commons licence. You must attribute the article to NutritionFacts.org with a link back to our website in your republication.
If any changes are made to the original text or video, you must indicate, reasonably, what has changed about the article or video.
You may not use our material for commercial purposes.
You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything permitted here.
If you have any questions, please Contact Us
Title
Vitamin D Supplements Tested for COPD, Heart Disease, Depression, Obesity, and Cancer Survival
LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Content URLDoctor's Note
The general heart disease video I mentioned is How Not to Die from Heart Disease.
I have a lot more on vitamin D supplements, including:
- How Much Vitamin D Should You Take?
- The Optimal Dose of Vitamin D Based on Natural Levels
- The Best Way to Get Vitamin D: Sun, Supplements, or Salons?
- The Risks and Benefits of Sensible Sun Exposure
- Should Vitamin D Supplements Be Taken to Prevent Falls in the Elderly?
- Do Vitamin D Supplements Help Prevent Diabetes, Cancer Mortality, and Overall Mortality?
If you haven't yet, you can subscribe to our free newsletter. With your subscription, you'll also get notifications for just-released blogs and videos. Check out our information page about our translated resources.
Previous Video
Next Video
