What does the gut have to do with developing Parkinson’s disease?
The Role Meat May Play in Triggering Parkinson’s Disease
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Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
Parkinson’s disease is an ever-worsening neurodegenerative disorder that results in death and affects about 1 in 50 of us when we get older. A small minority of cases are genetic, and run in families, but 85 to 90 percent of cases are sporadic, meaning they just seemingly pop up out of nowhere. It’s caused by the death of a certain kind of nerve cell in the brain. Once about 70 percent of them are gone, the symptoms start. Okay, so what kills off those cells? It’s still not completely clear, but the abnormal clumping of a protein called α-synuclein is thought to be involved. Why? Because if you inject blended Parkinson’s brains into the heads of rats or monkeys you can induce Parkinson’s pathology and symptoms, or even just injecting the pure clumped alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein) strands themselves. Okay, but how do these clumps naturally end up in the brain?
It all seems to start in the gut. The part of the brain where the pathology often first shows up is directly connected to the gut, and we have direct evidence of the spread of Parkinson’s pathology from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain. Alpha-synuclein from brains of Parkinson’s patients is taken up in the gut wall and creeps up the vagal nerves from the gut into the brain. But this was in rats. If only we had a way to go back and look at people’s colons before they got Parkinson’s… And indeed, we can. Old colon biopsies were dredged up from people who would later develop Parkinson’s, and years before symptoms arose, you could see the α-synuclein in their gut.
Research supported by the Michael J. Fox Foundation has found that you can reliably distinguish the colons of patients from controls by the presence of the Parkinson’s protein lodged in the gut wall. But how did it get there in the first place? Perhaps vertebrate food products as a potential source of prion-like α-synuclein. Nearly all of the animals with backbones that we eat—cows, chickens, pigs, and fish—express the protein α-synuclein. And so, when we eat common meat products, when we eat skeletal muscle, we’re eating nerves, blood cells, and the muscle cells themselves. Every pound of meat has like a teaspoon to a tablespoon of blood in it, and that alone could be an α-synuclein source to potentially trigger a clumping cascade of our own α-synuclein in the gut. Though it may seem intuitive that dietary α-synuclein could seed this kind of buildup in our gut, what evidence do we have that it’s actually happening?
These are pretty interesting data. There’s a surgical procedure called a vagotomy, in which the big nerve that goes from your gut to your brain is cut as an old-timey treatment for stomach ulcers. Would cutting communication between the gut and the brain reduce Parkinson’s risk? Apparently so––suggesting that the gut-to-brain vagal nerve may be critically involved in the development of Parkinson’s disease.
Now of course, many people regularly consume meat and dairy products, but only a small fraction of the general population will develop Parkinson’s. So, there must be other factors at play that may somehow provide an opportunity for unwanted dietary α-synuclein to enter the host and initiate disease. For example, your gut becomes leakier as you age, so might that play a role? What else makes your gut leaky? Dietary fiber deprivation has also been shown to degrade the intestinal barrier and enhance pathogen entry. So, this all raises possibilities for food-based therapies.
Parkinson’s patients have significantly less Prevotella in their gut, a friendly fiber-eating flora that bolsters your intestinal barrier function. And so, low levels of Prevotella are linked to a leaky gut, which has been linked to intestinal α-synuclein deposition. But fiber-rich foods may bring Prevotella levels back up. Therefore, by adopting a plant-based diet, in addition to getting the beneficial effects of phytonutrients, it’s possible that increasing overall fiber intake may modify the gut microbiome and gut leakiness in beneficial ways.
So, does a vegan diet—one with lots of fiber and no meat—reduce risk for Parkinson’s disease? Parkinson’s does appear to be rare in quasi-vegan cultures, with rates about five times lower in rural sub-Saharan Africa, for instance. Now all this time, we were thinking the benefits seen for Parkinson’s from plant-based diets was due to the antioxidants and anti-inflammatory nature of the animal-free diets. But maybe it’s also due to the increased intestinal exposure to fiber and decreased intestinal exposure to ingested nerves, muscles, and blood.
Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.
- Ball N, Teo WP, Chandra S, Chapman J. Parkinson's Disease and the Environment. Front Neurol. 2019;10:218.
- Killinger BA, Labrie V. Vertebrate food products as a potential source of prion-like α-synuclein. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2017;3:33.
- Holmqvist S, Chutna O, Bousset L, et al. Direct evidence of Parkinson pathology spread from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain in rats. Acta Neuropathol. 2014;128(6):805-20.
- Shannon KM, Keshavarzian A, Dodiya HB, Jakate S, Kordower JH. Is alpha-synuclein in the colon a biomarker for premotor Parkinson's disease? Evidence from 3 cases. Mov Disord. 2012;27(6):716-9.
- Beach TG, Corbillé AG, Letournel F, et al. Multicenter Assessment of Immunohistochemical Methods for Pathological Alpha-Synuclein in Sigmoid Colon of Autopsied Parkinson's Disease and Control Subjects. J Parkinsons Dis. 2016;6(4):761-70.
- Svensson E, Horváth-Puhó E, Thomsen RW, et al. Vagotomy and subsequent risk of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 2015;78(4):522-9.
- Perez-Pardo P, Kliest T, Dodiya HB, et al. The gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease: Possibilities for food-based therapies. Eur J Pharmacol. 2017;817:86-95.
- Shah SP, Duda JE. Dietary modifications in Parkinson's disease: A neuroprotective intervention?. Med Hypotheses. 2015;85(6):1002-5.
- McCarty MF. Does a vegan diet reduce risk for Parkinson's disease?. Med Hypotheses. 2001;57(3):318-23.
- Schoenberg BS, Osuntokun BO, Adeuja AO, et al. Comparison of the prevalence of Parkinson's disease in black populations in the rural United States and in rural Nigeria: door-to-door community studies. Neurology. 1988;38(4):645-6.
Motion graphics by Avo Media
Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
Parkinson’s disease is an ever-worsening neurodegenerative disorder that results in death and affects about 1 in 50 of us when we get older. A small minority of cases are genetic, and run in families, but 85 to 90 percent of cases are sporadic, meaning they just seemingly pop up out of nowhere. It’s caused by the death of a certain kind of nerve cell in the brain. Once about 70 percent of them are gone, the symptoms start. Okay, so what kills off those cells? It’s still not completely clear, but the abnormal clumping of a protein called α-synuclein is thought to be involved. Why? Because if you inject blended Parkinson’s brains into the heads of rats or monkeys you can induce Parkinson’s pathology and symptoms, or even just injecting the pure clumped alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein) strands themselves. Okay, but how do these clumps naturally end up in the brain?
It all seems to start in the gut. The part of the brain where the pathology often first shows up is directly connected to the gut, and we have direct evidence of the spread of Parkinson’s pathology from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain. Alpha-synuclein from brains of Parkinson’s patients is taken up in the gut wall and creeps up the vagal nerves from the gut into the brain. But this was in rats. If only we had a way to go back and look at people’s colons before they got Parkinson’s… And indeed, we can. Old colon biopsies were dredged up from people who would later develop Parkinson’s, and years before symptoms arose, you could see the α-synuclein in their gut.
Research supported by the Michael J. Fox Foundation has found that you can reliably distinguish the colons of patients from controls by the presence of the Parkinson’s protein lodged in the gut wall. But how did it get there in the first place? Perhaps vertebrate food products as a potential source of prion-like α-synuclein. Nearly all of the animals with backbones that we eat—cows, chickens, pigs, and fish—express the protein α-synuclein. And so, when we eat common meat products, when we eat skeletal muscle, we’re eating nerves, blood cells, and the muscle cells themselves. Every pound of meat has like a teaspoon to a tablespoon of blood in it, and that alone could be an α-synuclein source to potentially trigger a clumping cascade of our own α-synuclein in the gut. Though it may seem intuitive that dietary α-synuclein could seed this kind of buildup in our gut, what evidence do we have that it’s actually happening?
These are pretty interesting data. There’s a surgical procedure called a vagotomy, in which the big nerve that goes from your gut to your brain is cut as an old-timey treatment for stomach ulcers. Would cutting communication between the gut and the brain reduce Parkinson’s risk? Apparently so––suggesting that the gut-to-brain vagal nerve may be critically involved in the development of Parkinson’s disease.
Now of course, many people regularly consume meat and dairy products, but only a small fraction of the general population will develop Parkinson’s. So, there must be other factors at play that may somehow provide an opportunity for unwanted dietary α-synuclein to enter the host and initiate disease. For example, your gut becomes leakier as you age, so might that play a role? What else makes your gut leaky? Dietary fiber deprivation has also been shown to degrade the intestinal barrier and enhance pathogen entry. So, this all raises possibilities for food-based therapies.
Parkinson’s patients have significantly less Prevotella in their gut, a friendly fiber-eating flora that bolsters your intestinal barrier function. And so, low levels of Prevotella are linked to a leaky gut, which has been linked to intestinal α-synuclein deposition. But fiber-rich foods may bring Prevotella levels back up. Therefore, by adopting a plant-based diet, in addition to getting the beneficial effects of phytonutrients, it’s possible that increasing overall fiber intake may modify the gut microbiome and gut leakiness in beneficial ways.
So, does a vegan diet—one with lots of fiber and no meat—reduce risk for Parkinson’s disease? Parkinson’s does appear to be rare in quasi-vegan cultures, with rates about five times lower in rural sub-Saharan Africa, for instance. Now all this time, we were thinking the benefits seen for Parkinson’s from plant-based diets was due to the antioxidants and anti-inflammatory nature of the animal-free diets. But maybe it’s also due to the increased intestinal exposure to fiber and decreased intestinal exposure to ingested nerves, muscles, and blood.
Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.
- Ball N, Teo WP, Chandra S, Chapman J. Parkinson's Disease and the Environment. Front Neurol. 2019;10:218.
- Killinger BA, Labrie V. Vertebrate food products as a potential source of prion-like α-synuclein. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2017;3:33.
- Holmqvist S, Chutna O, Bousset L, et al. Direct evidence of Parkinson pathology spread from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain in rats. Acta Neuropathol. 2014;128(6):805-20.
- Shannon KM, Keshavarzian A, Dodiya HB, Jakate S, Kordower JH. Is alpha-synuclein in the colon a biomarker for premotor Parkinson's disease? Evidence from 3 cases. Mov Disord. 2012;27(6):716-9.
- Beach TG, Corbillé AG, Letournel F, et al. Multicenter Assessment of Immunohistochemical Methods for Pathological Alpha-Synuclein in Sigmoid Colon of Autopsied Parkinson's Disease and Control Subjects. J Parkinsons Dis. 2016;6(4):761-70.
- Svensson E, Horváth-Puhó E, Thomsen RW, et al. Vagotomy and subsequent risk of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol. 2015;78(4):522-9.
- Perez-Pardo P, Kliest T, Dodiya HB, et al. The gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease: Possibilities for food-based therapies. Eur J Pharmacol. 2017;817:86-95.
- Shah SP, Duda JE. Dietary modifications in Parkinson's disease: A neuroprotective intervention?. Med Hypotheses. 2015;85(6):1002-5.
- McCarty MF. Does a vegan diet reduce risk for Parkinson's disease?. Med Hypotheses. 2001;57(3):318-23.
- Schoenberg BS, Osuntokun BO, Adeuja AO, et al. Comparison of the prevalence of Parkinson's disease in black populations in the rural United States and in rural Nigeria: door-to-door community studies. Neurology. 1988;38(4):645-6.
Motion graphics by Avo Media
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Title
The Role Meat May Play in Triggering Parkinson’s Disease
LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Content URLDoctor's Note
Wasn’t that fascinating? For more on Parkinson’s, see:
- Preventing Parkinson’s Disease with Diet
- Treating Parkinson’s Disease with Diet
- Is Something in Tobacco Protective Against Parkinson’s Disease?
- Peppers and Parkinson’s: The Benefits of Smoking Without the Risks?
- Could Lactose Explain the Milk and Parkinson’s Disease Link?
- Parkinson’s Disease and the Uric Acid Sweet Spot
- The Role Milk May Play in Triggering Parkinson’s Disease
- Low-Protein Diets for Parkinson’s Disease
- Treating Parkinson’s Disease with Velvet Beans (Mucuna pruriens)
- Treating Parkinson’s Disease with Fava Beans (Faba or Broad Beans)
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