This week Consumer Reports released a study showing the majority of retail pork tested was contaminated with antibiotic-resistant strains of the foodborne bacteria Yersinia enterocolitica.
Yersinia in Pork
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Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
Every year, the federal government tests thousands of retail meat samples for the presence of four types of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. But, Yersinia enterocolitica is not among them. This, despite the fact that nearly 100,000 Americans are sickened by foodborne Yersinia every year. This is yet another public health breach, filled this week by Consumers Union.
Pigs are assumed to be the main reservoir for the pathogen, and pork and pork products, the main source of human infection. Most foodborne pathogens tend to come from a variety of sources, but 100% of the attributable Yersinia outbreaks reported in the United States over the last decade or so were caused by pork.
So, how contaminated is the U.S. pork supply? Consumers Union tested nearly 200 pork samples from cities across the country, and found more than two-thirds contaminated with Yersinia—90% of which were resistant to one or more antibiotics.
In most cases, Yersinia food poisoning just causes acute gastroenteritis— characterized by fever; abdominal pain; often bloody diarrhea. Sometimes cases can be confused with appendicitis, leading to unnecessary emergency surgery. Long-term consequences of infection include chronic inflammation of the eyes, kidneys, heart, and joints. Within a year of a bout of Yersinia food poisoning, victims are at 47 times the risk of coming down with autoimmune arthritis. And, the bacteria may also play a role in triggering an autoimmune thyroid condition, known as Graves’ disease.
How widespread is Yersinia in U.S. pigs? A national USDA survey of fecal samples found half of American herds tested were infected. The emergence of human infection over the last century may in part be due to changes in the meat industry, such as slaughter plant consolidation, and an increase in farm size and intensification of production. Higher stocking densities of pigs on factory farms is one of the factors that’s been associated with increased prevalence among herds. Inside some swine confinement buildings, researchers have been able to culture the bacteria right out of the air.
The pork industry crowds pigs because overcrowding pigs may pay, according to the trade publication National Hog Farmer. You can, evidently, maximize profits by dropping the space per pig to six square feet—that’s like a 200-pound pig in the equivalent of two feet by three feet. They acknowledge this presents some problems—inadequate ventilation, increased health risks—but, sometimes, “crowding…pigs a little tighter will make you more money.”
The equation for pork producers is even simpler when it comes to Yersinia, since the bacteria does not cause clinical disease in pigs. Thus, it does not present a production problem. The fact that the industry bottom line isn’t directly affected, no matter how high infection rates climb, may explain why there’s no industry-wide Yersinia monitoring and control programs in place in the United States. The costs of crowded confinement can simply be passed on to the tens of thousands of Americans who continue to be sickened every year, at an annual cost estimated at a quarter billion dollars.
Research from Europe suggests pigs raised using organic methods may have 50 times lower odds of harboring infection, compared to pigs raised conventionally. Unfortunately, you can’t really extrapolate that to the U.S., since organic production here is really more about what animals are fed, rather than how they are treated. The researchers attribute the lowered infection rates to factors like lower stocking densities, and lower levels of stress among the animals.
If stress is indeed a contributing factor, things may be looking up in Europe. On January 1, 2013, just about a month away, gestation crates for pregnant pigs are going to be banned across all 27 nations of the European Union—whereas in the U.S., where crating continues to be a predominant practice, pregnant sows have been shown to have among the highest prevalence of Yersinia infection. Though consumers don’t directly eat as many of the moms, the sows can be a source of infection for piglets, who can then carry the infection through to slaughter.
“Practices that restrict natural motion, such as [these] sow gestation crates, induce high levels of stress in the animals and threaten their health, which in turn may threaten [our] health [too].”
Crated sows have been shown to have impaired immunity—thought to be as a result of elevated stress hormone levels, related to the frustration of normal maternal behaviors, like nest building.
Yersinia is one of the reasons why the disease resistance of mother pigs matters when it comes to public health. Thankfully, major retailers, restaurant chains, and leaders in the pork industry have started phasing out gestation crates, which may end up improving the welfare of both animals and humans.
Another proposal to break the Yersinia cycle from farm to fork is to pay producers an incentive bonus if they keep Yersinia-free flocks. That’s the carrot. And the stick is that fresh meat would only be allowed from infection-free herds, diverting pork from infected herds to just making pre-cooked products.
“Although such a two-way splitting of pig-meat production would pose a logistic problem,” it could be actually possible if “enough emphasis were to be placed on cost/benefit for public health.”
There are also measures effective at reducing Yersinia contamination of the meat in the slaughter plant. “By sealing off the [excised] rectum with a plastic bag” during evisceration, you may get a ten-fold drop in carcass contamination. According to data from the Norwegian National Institute of Public Health, human Yersinia infection rates dropped about 25% after the introduction of the plastic bag technique across pig slaughterhouses in Norway.
Let me end by putting the new Consumer Reports finding in perspective. Yersinia in pork ranks only sixteenth in terms of the greatest foodborne disease burdens in the United States.
The worst, in terms of societal cost and quality-adjusted years of life lost, is poultry-borne Campylobacter bacteria—found contaminating 38% of chicken breasts in the latest retail meat survey released this year.
Then comes the Toxoplasma brain parasite in pork; Listeria in deli meat; and Salmonella in, again, poultry.
So, as concerning as this new report may be, the greatest safety concern may be the original white meat.
Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.
- A Ternhag, A Törner, A Svensson, K Ekdahl, J Giesecke. Short- and long-term effects of bacterial gastrointestinal infections. Emerging Infect. Dis. 14, 143 - 148 (2008).
- M L Bari, M A Hossain, K Isshiki, D Ukuku. Behavior of Yersinia enterocolitica in Foods. J Pathog 2011, 420732 (2011).
- Ortiz Martínez, Pilar. Prevalence of enteropathogenic Yersinia in pigs from different European countries and contamination in the pork production chain University of Helsinki Doctoral dissertation 2010 NA(NA):NA.
- Z Poljak, C E Dewey, S W Martin, T Rosendal, J Christensen, B Ciebin, R M Friendship. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica shedding and bioserotype distribution in Ontario finisher pig herds in 2001, 2002, and 2004. Prev. Vet. Med. 93, 110 - 120 (2010).
- A S Bowman, C Glendening, T E Wittum, J T LeJeune, R W Stich, J A Funk. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in different phases of production on swine farms. J. Food Prot. 70, 11 - 16 (2007).
- V Létourneau, B Nehmé, A Mériaux, D Massé, Y Cormier, C Duchaine. Human pathogens and tetracycline-resistant bacteria in bioaerosols of swine confinement buildings and in nasal flora of hog producers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 213, 444 - 449 (2010).
- S Bhaduri, I V Wesley, E J Bush. Prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains in pigs in the United States. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71, 7117 - 7121 (2005).
- I V Wesley, S Bhaduri, E Bush. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in market weight hogs in the United States. J. Food Prot. 71, 1162 - 1168 (2008).
- B Nowak, T V Mueffling, K Caspari, J Hartung. Validation of a method for the detection of virulent Yersinia enterocolitica and their distribution in slaughter pigs from conventional and alternative housing systems. Vet. Microbiol. 117, 219 - 228 (2006).
- H Zheng, Y Sun, S Lin, Z Mao, B Jiang. Yersinia enterocolitica infection in diarrheal patients. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 27, 741 - 752 (2008).
- S Hoffmann, M B Batz, J G Morris Jr. Annual cost of illness and quality-adjusted life year losses in the United States due to 14 foodborne pathogens. J. Food Prot. 75, 1292 - 1302 (2012).
- M B Batz, S Hoffmann, J G Morris Jr. Ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in food sources in the United States using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert elicitation. J. Food Prot. 75, 1278 - 1291 (2012).
- T H Brix, P S Hansen, L Hegedüs, B E Wenzel. Too early to dismiss Yersinia enterocolitica infection in the aetiology of Graves' disease: Evidence from a twin case-control study. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 69, 491 - 496 (2008).
- S Virtanen, L Salonen, R Laukkanen-Ninios, M Fredriksson-Ahomaa, H Korkeala. Piglets are a source of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica on fattening-pig farms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78, 3000 - 3003 (2012).
- N Drummond, B P Murphy, T Ringwood, M B Prentice, J F Buckley, S Fanning. Yersinia enterocolitica: A brief review of the issues relating to the zoonotic pathogen, public health challenges, and the pork production chain. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 9, 179 - 189 (2012).
- S E Virtanen, L K Salonen, R Laukkanen, M Hakkinen, H Korkeala. Factors related to the prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica on pig farms. Epidemiol. Infect. 139, 1919 - 1927 (2011).
- E Scallan, R M Hoekstra, F J Angulo, R V Tauxe, M-A Widdowson, S L Roy, J L Jones, P M Griffin. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States--major pathogens. Emerging Infect. Dis. 17, 7 - 15 (2011).
- R Laukkanen, P O Martínez, K-M Siekkinen, J Ranta, R Maijala, H Korkeala. Contamination of carcasses with human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica 4/O:3 Originates from pigs infected on farms. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 6, 681 - 688 (2009).
- Debra Gilliss, Alcia Cronquist, Matthew Cartter. Vital signs: Incidence and trends of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food--foodborne diseases active surveillance network, 10 U.S. Sites, 1996-2010. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 60, 749 - 755 (2011).
Special thanks to pradtf for his all-hands-on-deck help to get this breaking news video up and out. Images thanks to Farm Sanctuary; The Humane Society of the United States; Chb via Wikimedia; and sheyne via flickr
Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
Every year, the federal government tests thousands of retail meat samples for the presence of four types of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. But, Yersinia enterocolitica is not among them. This, despite the fact that nearly 100,000 Americans are sickened by foodborne Yersinia every year. This is yet another public health breach, filled this week by Consumers Union.
Pigs are assumed to be the main reservoir for the pathogen, and pork and pork products, the main source of human infection. Most foodborne pathogens tend to come from a variety of sources, but 100% of the attributable Yersinia outbreaks reported in the United States over the last decade or so were caused by pork.
So, how contaminated is the U.S. pork supply? Consumers Union tested nearly 200 pork samples from cities across the country, and found more than two-thirds contaminated with Yersinia—90% of which were resistant to one or more antibiotics.
In most cases, Yersinia food poisoning just causes acute gastroenteritis— characterized by fever; abdominal pain; often bloody diarrhea. Sometimes cases can be confused with appendicitis, leading to unnecessary emergency surgery. Long-term consequences of infection include chronic inflammation of the eyes, kidneys, heart, and joints. Within a year of a bout of Yersinia food poisoning, victims are at 47 times the risk of coming down with autoimmune arthritis. And, the bacteria may also play a role in triggering an autoimmune thyroid condition, known as Graves’ disease.
How widespread is Yersinia in U.S. pigs? A national USDA survey of fecal samples found half of American herds tested were infected. The emergence of human infection over the last century may in part be due to changes in the meat industry, such as slaughter plant consolidation, and an increase in farm size and intensification of production. Higher stocking densities of pigs on factory farms is one of the factors that’s been associated with increased prevalence among herds. Inside some swine confinement buildings, researchers have been able to culture the bacteria right out of the air.
The pork industry crowds pigs because overcrowding pigs may pay, according to the trade publication National Hog Farmer. You can, evidently, maximize profits by dropping the space per pig to six square feet—that’s like a 200-pound pig in the equivalent of two feet by three feet. They acknowledge this presents some problems—inadequate ventilation, increased health risks—but, sometimes, “crowding…pigs a little tighter will make you more money.”
The equation for pork producers is even simpler when it comes to Yersinia, since the bacteria does not cause clinical disease in pigs. Thus, it does not present a production problem. The fact that the industry bottom line isn’t directly affected, no matter how high infection rates climb, may explain why there’s no industry-wide Yersinia monitoring and control programs in place in the United States. The costs of crowded confinement can simply be passed on to the tens of thousands of Americans who continue to be sickened every year, at an annual cost estimated at a quarter billion dollars.
Research from Europe suggests pigs raised using organic methods may have 50 times lower odds of harboring infection, compared to pigs raised conventionally. Unfortunately, you can’t really extrapolate that to the U.S., since organic production here is really more about what animals are fed, rather than how they are treated. The researchers attribute the lowered infection rates to factors like lower stocking densities, and lower levels of stress among the animals.
If stress is indeed a contributing factor, things may be looking up in Europe. On January 1, 2013, just about a month away, gestation crates for pregnant pigs are going to be banned across all 27 nations of the European Union—whereas in the U.S., where crating continues to be a predominant practice, pregnant sows have been shown to have among the highest prevalence of Yersinia infection. Though consumers don’t directly eat as many of the moms, the sows can be a source of infection for piglets, who can then carry the infection through to slaughter.
“Practices that restrict natural motion, such as [these] sow gestation crates, induce high levels of stress in the animals and threaten their health, which in turn may threaten [our] health [too].”
Crated sows have been shown to have impaired immunity—thought to be as a result of elevated stress hormone levels, related to the frustration of normal maternal behaviors, like nest building.
Yersinia is one of the reasons why the disease resistance of mother pigs matters when it comes to public health. Thankfully, major retailers, restaurant chains, and leaders in the pork industry have started phasing out gestation crates, which may end up improving the welfare of both animals and humans.
Another proposal to break the Yersinia cycle from farm to fork is to pay producers an incentive bonus if they keep Yersinia-free flocks. That’s the carrot. And the stick is that fresh meat would only be allowed from infection-free herds, diverting pork from infected herds to just making pre-cooked products.
“Although such a two-way splitting of pig-meat production would pose a logistic problem,” it could be actually possible if “enough emphasis were to be placed on cost/benefit for public health.”
There are also measures effective at reducing Yersinia contamination of the meat in the slaughter plant. “By sealing off the [excised] rectum with a plastic bag” during evisceration, you may get a ten-fold drop in carcass contamination. According to data from the Norwegian National Institute of Public Health, human Yersinia infection rates dropped about 25% after the introduction of the plastic bag technique across pig slaughterhouses in Norway.
Let me end by putting the new Consumer Reports finding in perspective. Yersinia in pork ranks only sixteenth in terms of the greatest foodborne disease burdens in the United States.
The worst, in terms of societal cost and quality-adjusted years of life lost, is poultry-borne Campylobacter bacteria—found contaminating 38% of chicken breasts in the latest retail meat survey released this year.
Then comes the Toxoplasma brain parasite in pork; Listeria in deli meat; and Salmonella in, again, poultry.
So, as concerning as this new report may be, the greatest safety concern may be the original white meat.
Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.
- A Ternhag, A Törner, A Svensson, K Ekdahl, J Giesecke. Short- and long-term effects of bacterial gastrointestinal infections. Emerging Infect. Dis. 14, 143 - 148 (2008).
- M L Bari, M A Hossain, K Isshiki, D Ukuku. Behavior of Yersinia enterocolitica in Foods. J Pathog 2011, 420732 (2011).
- Ortiz Martínez, Pilar. Prevalence of enteropathogenic Yersinia in pigs from different European countries and contamination in the pork production chain University of Helsinki Doctoral dissertation 2010 NA(NA):NA.
- Z Poljak, C E Dewey, S W Martin, T Rosendal, J Christensen, B Ciebin, R M Friendship. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica shedding and bioserotype distribution in Ontario finisher pig herds in 2001, 2002, and 2004. Prev. Vet. Med. 93, 110 - 120 (2010).
- A S Bowman, C Glendening, T E Wittum, J T LeJeune, R W Stich, J A Funk. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in different phases of production on swine farms. J. Food Prot. 70, 11 - 16 (2007).
- V Létourneau, B Nehmé, A Mériaux, D Massé, Y Cormier, C Duchaine. Human pathogens and tetracycline-resistant bacteria in bioaerosols of swine confinement buildings and in nasal flora of hog producers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 213, 444 - 449 (2010).
- S Bhaduri, I V Wesley, E J Bush. Prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains in pigs in the United States. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71, 7117 - 7121 (2005).
- I V Wesley, S Bhaduri, E Bush. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in market weight hogs in the United States. J. Food Prot. 71, 1162 - 1168 (2008).
- B Nowak, T V Mueffling, K Caspari, J Hartung. Validation of a method for the detection of virulent Yersinia enterocolitica and their distribution in slaughter pigs from conventional and alternative housing systems. Vet. Microbiol. 117, 219 - 228 (2006).
- H Zheng, Y Sun, S Lin, Z Mao, B Jiang. Yersinia enterocolitica infection in diarrheal patients. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 27, 741 - 752 (2008).
- S Hoffmann, M B Batz, J G Morris Jr. Annual cost of illness and quality-adjusted life year losses in the United States due to 14 foodborne pathogens. J. Food Prot. 75, 1292 - 1302 (2012).
- M B Batz, S Hoffmann, J G Morris Jr. Ranking the disease burden of 14 pathogens in food sources in the United States using attribution data from outbreak investigations and expert elicitation. J. Food Prot. 75, 1278 - 1291 (2012).
- T H Brix, P S Hansen, L Hegedüs, B E Wenzel. Too early to dismiss Yersinia enterocolitica infection in the aetiology of Graves' disease: Evidence from a twin case-control study. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 69, 491 - 496 (2008).
- S Virtanen, L Salonen, R Laukkanen-Ninios, M Fredriksson-Ahomaa, H Korkeala. Piglets are a source of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica on fattening-pig farms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78, 3000 - 3003 (2012).
- N Drummond, B P Murphy, T Ringwood, M B Prentice, J F Buckley, S Fanning. Yersinia enterocolitica: A brief review of the issues relating to the zoonotic pathogen, public health challenges, and the pork production chain. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 9, 179 - 189 (2012).
- S E Virtanen, L K Salonen, R Laukkanen, M Hakkinen, H Korkeala. Factors related to the prevalence of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica on pig farms. Epidemiol. Infect. 139, 1919 - 1927 (2011).
- E Scallan, R M Hoekstra, F J Angulo, R V Tauxe, M-A Widdowson, S L Roy, J L Jones, P M Griffin. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States--major pathogens. Emerging Infect. Dis. 17, 7 - 15 (2011).
- R Laukkanen, P O Martínez, K-M Siekkinen, J Ranta, R Maijala, H Korkeala. Contamination of carcasses with human pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica 4/O:3 Originates from pigs infected on farms. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 6, 681 - 688 (2009).
- Debra Gilliss, Alcia Cronquist, Matthew Cartter. Vital signs: Incidence and trends of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food--foodborne diseases active surveillance network, 10 U.S. Sites, 1996-2010. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 60, 749 - 755 (2011).
Special thanks to pradtf for his all-hands-on-deck help to get this breaking news video up and out. Images thanks to Farm Sanctuary; The Humane Society of the United States; Chb via Wikimedia; and sheyne via flickr
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Yersinia in Pork
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Content URLDoctor's Note
This is the second of two “breaking news” videos about the findings this week, from Consumer Reports, of the growth-promoting drug ractopamine, and antibiotic-resistant Yersinia bacteria in a significant proportion of U.S. pork tested. See Ractopamine in Pork for the first part, addressing the drug residue findings. For more videos on fecal matter contamination of the meat supply, see Food Poisoning Bacteria Cross-Contamination; and Fecal Bacteria Survey. The Campyobacter in chicken that I end the video on is the Poultry and Paralysis bacteria.
For more context, check out my associated blog posts: Ractopamine and Yersinia in U.S. Pork; Bugs & Drugs in Pork: Yersinia and Ractopamine; Should We Avoid Titanium Dioxide?; and Probiotics and Diarrhea.
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