The so-called “lentil effect” or “second meal effect” describes the remarkable effect of beans to help control blood sugar levels hours, or even the next day, after consumption.
Beans and the Second-Meal Effect
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Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
We’ve known for decades that beans have an exceptionally low glycemic index. You give someone cooked beans, peas, or lentils, and you don’t even get half the blood sugar spike you get with the same amount of carbs in the form of bread, pasta, or potatoes. So, if you’re going to eat some high-glycemic food like white rice, consider having some beans with it, and the more beans the better.
Check it out, as your bean-to-rice ratio increases from left to right, from more rice-with-some-beans, to more like beans-with-some-rice, you can see these trends towards improving cardiometabolic risk factors. “Substituting one serving of beans for one serving of white rice was associated with a 35%…lower risk of…metabolic syndrome [or pre-diabetes].”
Why do beans have such a low glycemic index? Maybe it’s because they’ve got so much fiber that absorption is just slower or something. But, it was this next study that blew people’s minds.
Started out same as before. Give someone some bread for breakfast, and get a big spike in blood sugar and insulin levels, but give the same amount of carbs in lentil form, and you blunt the effect. Okay, but now, let’s follow through to lunch.
At breakfast, same as before, big spike with the bread; small spike with lentils. But then, for lunch, both groups got the same meal. Both got bread, and those that had lentils four hours earlier with breakfast had less of a glycemic reaction to the bread. At the time they called it the “lentil effect,” but chickpeas appear to work just as well, so it has since been dubbed the “second meal effect.” Eat lentils for dinner, and then for breakfast, even if forced to drink sugar water, you have better glycemic control. Beans moderating your blood sugar, not just at the meal you eat them, but hours later; even the next day.
How is that even possible? The mystery has since been solved. Remember what our gazillions of gut bacteria do with fiber? They produce compounds like propionate with it, which gets absorbed into our system and slows down gastric emptying—slows the rate at which food leaves our stomach, so we don’t get as much of a sugar rush.
It’s like symbiosis. We feed our good bacteria; they feed us back. So, you have a bean burrito for supper, and by the next morning, it’s time for your gut bacteria to eat that same burrito, and the by-products they create with it may affect how our breakfast the next morning is digested.
They figured this out by giving people rectal infusions of the amount of propionate your good bacteria might make from a good burrito. And, you can see the stomach relax within minutes of the rectal infusion. So, I guess if you forgot to eat any kind of beans, peas, or lentils for supper, and need to blunt the effect of your breakfast doughnut, it’s theoretically not too late. But, in general, I encourage people to administer their food orally.
Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.
- R. C. Mollard, C. L. Wong, B. L. Luhovyy, G. H. Anderson. First and second meal effects of pulses on blood glucose, appetite, and food intake at a later meal. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011 36(5):634 - 642
- J. Mattei, F. B. Hu, H. Campos. A higher ratio of beans to white rice is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk factors in Costa Rican adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011 94(3):869 - 876
- T. M. Wolever, D. J. Jenkins, A. M. Ocana, V. A. Rao, G. R. Collier. Second-meal effect: Low-glycemic-index foods eaten at dinner improve subsequent breakfast glycemic response. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1988 48(4):1041 - 1047
- F. Brighenti, L. Benini, D. Del Rio, C. Casiraghi, N. Pellegrini, F. Scazzina, D. J. A. Jenkins, I. Vantini. Colonic fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates contributes to the second-meal effect. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006 83(4):817 - 822
- D. J. Jenkins, T. M. Wolever, R. H. Taylor, H. M. Barker, H. Fielden. Exceptionally low blood glucose response to dried beans: Comparison with other carbohydrate foods. Br Med J 1980 281(6240):578 - 580
- D. J. Jenkins, T. M. Wolever, R. H. Taylor, C. Griffiths, K. Krzeminska, J. A. Lawrie, C. M. Bennett, D. V. Goff, D. L. Sarson, S. R. Bloom. Slow release dietary carbohydrate improves second meal tolerance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1982 35(6):1339 - 1346
Image thanks to Pacific Northwest National Laboratory via flickr
Below is an approximation of this video’s audio content. To see any graphs, charts, graphics, images, and quotes to which Dr. Greger may be referring, watch the above video.
We’ve known for decades that beans have an exceptionally low glycemic index. You give someone cooked beans, peas, or lentils, and you don’t even get half the blood sugar spike you get with the same amount of carbs in the form of bread, pasta, or potatoes. So, if you’re going to eat some high-glycemic food like white rice, consider having some beans with it, and the more beans the better.
Check it out, as your bean-to-rice ratio increases from left to right, from more rice-with-some-beans, to more like beans-with-some-rice, you can see these trends towards improving cardiometabolic risk factors. “Substituting one serving of beans for one serving of white rice was associated with a 35%…lower risk of…metabolic syndrome [or pre-diabetes].”
Why do beans have such a low glycemic index? Maybe it’s because they’ve got so much fiber that absorption is just slower or something. But, it was this next study that blew people’s minds.
Started out same as before. Give someone some bread for breakfast, and get a big spike in blood sugar and insulin levels, but give the same amount of carbs in lentil form, and you blunt the effect. Okay, but now, let’s follow through to lunch.
At breakfast, same as before, big spike with the bread; small spike with lentils. But then, for lunch, both groups got the same meal. Both got bread, and those that had lentils four hours earlier with breakfast had less of a glycemic reaction to the bread. At the time they called it the “lentil effect,” but chickpeas appear to work just as well, so it has since been dubbed the “second meal effect.” Eat lentils for dinner, and then for breakfast, even if forced to drink sugar water, you have better glycemic control. Beans moderating your blood sugar, not just at the meal you eat them, but hours later; even the next day.
How is that even possible? The mystery has since been solved. Remember what our gazillions of gut bacteria do with fiber? They produce compounds like propionate with it, which gets absorbed into our system and slows down gastric emptying—slows the rate at which food leaves our stomach, so we don’t get as much of a sugar rush.
It’s like symbiosis. We feed our good bacteria; they feed us back. So, you have a bean burrito for supper, and by the next morning, it’s time for your gut bacteria to eat that same burrito, and the by-products they create with it may affect how our breakfast the next morning is digested.
They figured this out by giving people rectal infusions of the amount of propionate your good bacteria might make from a good burrito. And, you can see the stomach relax within minutes of the rectal infusion. So, I guess if you forgot to eat any kind of beans, peas, or lentils for supper, and need to blunt the effect of your breakfast doughnut, it’s theoretically not too late. But, in general, I encourage people to administer their food orally.
Please consider volunteering to help out on the site.
- R. C. Mollard, C. L. Wong, B. L. Luhovyy, G. H. Anderson. First and second meal effects of pulses on blood glucose, appetite, and food intake at a later meal. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011 36(5):634 - 642
- J. Mattei, F. B. Hu, H. Campos. A higher ratio of beans to white rice is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk factors in Costa Rican adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011 94(3):869 - 876
- T. M. Wolever, D. J. Jenkins, A. M. Ocana, V. A. Rao, G. R. Collier. Second-meal effect: Low-glycemic-index foods eaten at dinner improve subsequent breakfast glycemic response. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1988 48(4):1041 - 1047
- F. Brighenti, L. Benini, D. Del Rio, C. Casiraghi, N. Pellegrini, F. Scazzina, D. J. A. Jenkins, I. Vantini. Colonic fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates contributes to the second-meal effect. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006 83(4):817 - 822
- D. J. Jenkins, T. M. Wolever, R. H. Taylor, H. M. Barker, H. Fielden. Exceptionally low blood glucose response to dried beans: Comparison with other carbohydrate foods. Br Med J 1980 281(6240):578 - 580
- D. J. Jenkins, T. M. Wolever, R. H. Taylor, C. Griffiths, K. Krzeminska, J. A. Lawrie, C. M. Bennett, D. V. Goff, D. L. Sarson, S. R. Bloom. Slow release dietary carbohydrate improves second meal tolerance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1982 35(6):1339 - 1346
Image thanks to Pacific Northwest National Laboratory via flickr
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Beans and the Second-Meal Effect
LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Content URLDoctor's Note
But what about the gas? Check out my blog post Beans & Gas: Clearing the air.
What other superpowers do beans posses? They’re packed with potassium (Preventing Strokes with Diet), mad with magnesium (Mineral of the Year—Magnesium), and a preferred source of protein (Plant Protein Preferable). They improve breast cancer survival (Breast Cancer Survival & Soy), delay premature puberty (The Effect of Soy on Precocious Puberty), and they’re a great bargain to boot (Eating Healthy on a Budget).
Which beans are most antioxidant-packed? See The Best Bean and The Healthiest Lentil (hint: skip the jelly variety; see Raisins vs. Jelly Beans for Athletic Performance). Which beans lower cholesterol the most? See Soy Worth a Hill of Beans?
Lentils for breakfast? Well, the Brits like baked beans on their toast, but I’ve started using a handful of sprouted lentils in my breakfast smoothie (see A Better Breakfast, and Antioxidants Sprouting Up).
The propionate video I reference is Fawning over Flora, with a follow-up Boosting Good Bacteria in the Colon without Probiotics.
For more context, check out my blog posts: Top 10 Most Popular Videos from 2013, and Why We Should Eat More Beans.
I continually add new videos on beans, some of my most highly recommended foods. To see the latest, check out the topic page.
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